Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0004
J. Luiten
In this chapter, the authors analyze the functioning of private capital markets in Holland in the late medieval period. They argue that in the absence of banks and state agencies involved in the supply of credit, entrepreneurs' access to credit was determined by two interrelated factors. The first was protection of property rights and the extent to which properties could be used as collateral. The second was interest rates for borrowing money at the time, as well as the obligations of such borrowing compared with the interest rates on risk-free investments. The chapter’s case study is the small town of Edam and its surrounding countryside, De Zeevang, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The authors show that many households (whether headed by men or women) owned financial assets and/or debts, and the degree of financial sophistication was relatively high.
{"title":"The Effects on Capital Market Development","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors analyze the functioning of private capital markets in Holland in the late medieval period. They argue that in the absence of banks and state agencies involved in the supply of credit, entrepreneurs' access to credit was determined by two interrelated factors. The first was protection of property rights and the extent to which properties could be used as collateral. The second was interest rates for borrowing money at the time, as well as the obligations of such borrowing compared with the interest rates on risk-free investments. The chapter’s case study is the small town of Edam and its surrounding countryside, De Zeevang, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The authors show that many households (whether headed by men or women) owned financial assets and/or debts, and the degree of financial sophistication was relatively high.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115457809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0003
J. Luiten
New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent during this period (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and country were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a “number sense”) in both urban and rural areas, linked to demographic change and commercial development. Between 1600 and 1800, however, Flanders in particular seems to have lost its strong distinctiveness in this regard. In this chapter the authors also contribute to the literature on human capital formation by investigating age references in early modern portraits from the Low Countries. They use the very popular aetatis formulae to estimate to what degree sitters for portraits were able to give their age in an accurate way. This approach permits an estimate of the numeracy of single men and women, as well as of couples who commissioned pair portraits to commemorate their marriages.
{"title":"The Effects on Human Capital Formation","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent during this period (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and country were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a “number sense”) in both urban and rural areas, linked to demographic change and commercial development. Between 1600 and 1800, however, Flanders in particular seems to have lost its strong distinctiveness in this regard. In this chapter the authors also contribute to the literature on human capital formation by investigating age references in early modern portraits from the Low Countries. They use the very popular aetatis formulae to estimate to what degree sitters for portraits were able to give their age in an accurate way. This approach permits an estimate of the numeracy of single men and women, as well as of couples who commissioned pair portraits to commemorate their marriages.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115495247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0007
J. Luiten
This chapter addresses several issues, all with the underlying intention of refining and reorienting the nuclear-hardship debate. There is a need for such reorientation, as several indicators show that the long-term outcome of this process toward a society built upon nuclear households has not led to more hardship; quite the contrary. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome has to be entirely due to top-down provisions, and then in particular, to charity. In this chapter the authors stress the institutional diversity of the solutions for hardship and focus on one particular group in society, namely the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than is usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements in addition to the top-down provisions granted the elderly more options to deal with the supposed hardship of growing old in a nuclear family structure.
{"title":"The Institutional Effect","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses several issues, all with the underlying intention of refining and reorienting the nuclear-hardship debate. There is a need for such reorientation, as several indicators show that the long-term outcome of this process toward a society built upon nuclear households has not led to more hardship; quite the contrary. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome has to be entirely due to top-down provisions, and then in particular, to charity. In this chapter the authors stress the institutional diversity of the solutions for hardship and focus on one particular group in society, namely the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than is usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements in addition to the top-down provisions granted the elderly more options to deal with the supposed hardship of growing old in a nuclear family structure.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123280818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0006
J. Luiten
This chapter addresses several issues, with the aim of refining and reorienting the debate about the nuclear hardship hypothesis. Several indicators show that the primacy of the European nuclear household did not lead to more hardship; in fact, the evidence points in the contrary direction. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome is entirely due to top-down provisions, and in particular charity. The authors stress the institutional diversity of solutions for hardship, and focus on one particular group in society, the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements, besides the top-down provisions, in which the elderly participated actively offered more resilience so as to deal with “hardship.”
{"title":"The “Dark Side” of the EMP?","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses several issues, with the aim of refining and reorienting the debate about the nuclear hardship hypothesis. Several indicators show that the primacy of the European nuclear household did not lead to more hardship; in fact, the evidence points in the contrary direction. Nor would it be fair to claim that this outcome is entirely due to top-down provisions, and in particular charity. The authors stress the institutional diversity of solutions for hardship, and focus on one particular group in society, the elderly. They demonstrate that the elderly had more “agency” than usually expected and that a combination of institutional arrangements, besides the top-down provisions, in which the elderly participated actively offered more resilience so as to deal with “hardship.”","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132323956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0002
J. Luiten
This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) played a fundamental role in western Europe’s economic development. The EMP emerged in northwestern Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the Catholic Church’s promotion of marriage based on consensus, the rise of labor markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labor by women. This combination of factors resulted in a demographic regime embedded in a highly commercial environment, in which households interacted frequently with labor, capital, and commodity markets. The authors also discuss possible long-term consequences for human capital formation and institution building, which are elaborated upon in later chapters of the book.
{"title":"The Patterns Behind Change","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) played a fundamental role in western Europe’s economic development. The EMP emerged in northwestern Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the Catholic Church’s promotion of marriage based on consensus, the rise of labor markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labor by women. This combination of factors resulted in a demographic regime embedded in a highly commercial environment, in which households interacted frequently with labor, capital, and commodity markets. The authors also discuss possible long-term consequences for human capital formation and institution building, which are elaborated upon in later chapters of the book.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127288750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0005
J. Luiten
The chapter offers a new explanation for the “great conundrum,” or why population growth accelerated in England in the second half of the eighteenth century while growth in literacy and human capital stagnated. Reviewing various attempts to reconcile this anomaly, the authors discuss (a) the switch from the post–Black Death labor scarcity to a labor surplus, which harmed the economic position of women; and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, which led to the rise of large-scale, capital-intensive and labor-extensive farms with limited demand for female wage labor. Moreover, the decline in wages had important effects on England’s demographic development, reflected in a decline in the average age of marriage between 1600 and 1800 and an increase in fertility. As a consequence, the authors link the “great conundrum” to the changing position of women in the labor market and within marriage.
{"title":"The Effects on the Labor Market","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter offers a new explanation for the “great conundrum,” or why population growth accelerated in England in the second half of the eighteenth century while growth in literacy and human capital stagnated. Reviewing various attempts to reconcile this anomaly, the authors discuss (a) the switch from the post–Black Death labor scarcity to a labor surplus, which harmed the economic position of women; and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, which led to the rise of large-scale, capital-intensive and labor-extensive farms with limited demand for female wage labor. Moreover, the decline in wages had important effects on England’s demographic development, reflected in a decline in the average age of marriage between 1600 and 1800 and an increase in fertility. As a consequence, the authors link the “great conundrum” to the changing position of women in the labor market and within marriage.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130428770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0001
J. Luiten
This chapter introduces the concept of female agency and sets up the framework for the rest of the book. The authors explain how age at marriage can be an indicator of the degree of power a woman has in a relationship, as well as her role in society. This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (free choice of marriage partner) played a fundamental role in the economic development of Western Europe, leading to the Industrial Revolution and a higher standard of living. The authors explore the contemporary situation, presenting correlations between marriage age and composite measures of gender equality, as well as zooming out to the global level to discuss differences in how women have fared in terms of human capital formation, access to the capital market, and participation in the labor market.
{"title":"The Broader Picture","authors":"J. Luiten","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847883.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the concept of female agency and sets up the framework for the rest of the book. The authors explain how age at marriage can be an indicator of the degree of power a woman has in a relationship, as well as her role in society. This chapter argues that the European Marriage Pattern (free choice of marriage partner) played a fundamental role in the economic development of Western Europe, leading to the Industrial Revolution and a higher standard of living. The authors explore the contemporary situation, presenting correlations between marriage age and composite measures of gender equality, as well as zooming out to the global level to discuss differences in how women have fared in terms of human capital formation, access to the capital market, and participation in the labor market.","PeriodicalId":179990,"journal":{"name":"Capital Women","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133686099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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