Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0005
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Chapter 4 builds on the continental insights of the previous chapter and reintroduces the human and cultural element to spacepower in Proposition VI, and considers the dangers of ethnocentrism in spacepower analysis, as well as how cultural factors and the geocentrism of strategic cultures on Earth will influence spacepower. Like any other facet of human activity, cultural and bureaucratic elements will be a part of space strategy, and policy. Strategic culture and military culture are already developing with spacepower. However, whether in a semi-independent Space Force or not, every military organisation will develop astroculture within a geocentric context, much like how continental navies had to fight for recognition and resources within a land-dominated strategic culture.
{"title":"Astroculture and Geocentrism","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 builds on the continental insights of the previous chapter and reintroduces the human and cultural element to spacepower in Proposition VI, and considers the dangers of ethnocentrism in spacepower analysis, as well as how cultural factors and the geocentrism of strategic cultures on Earth will influence spacepower. Like any other facet of human activity, cultural and bureaucratic elements will be a part of space strategy, and policy. Strategic culture and military culture are already developing with spacepower. However, whether in a semi-independent Space Force or not, every military organisation will develop astroculture within a geocentric context, much like how continental navies had to fight for recognition and resources within a land-dominated strategic culture.","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130334581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0002
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Chapter 1 defines and explains spacepower, and challenges the undervalued role of spacepower in contemporary International Relations scholarship by outlining its significance to modern warfare and grand strategy. It then explores the role of thinking about hegemony and geopolitical thought in outer space, and makes the case for embracing material factors in the analysis of spacepower as much current literature in international relations turns away from material considerations. Much though on spacepower is overly focused on imperial domination of the seas, and translates it into an effective imperial domination of space without sufficiently examining the realities of spacepower in Earth orbit. Chapter 1 ends with an explanation of how pedagogical theory and strategic analogies work, and how the propositions should be used by drawing on the concepts of Carl von Clausewitz.
{"title":"Spacepower, Empire and Theory","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 defines and explains spacepower, and challenges the undervalued role of spacepower in contemporary International Relations scholarship by outlining its significance to modern warfare and grand strategy. It then explores the role of thinking about hegemony and geopolitical thought in outer space, and makes the case for embracing material factors in the analysis of spacepower as much current literature in international relations turns away from material considerations. Much though on spacepower is overly focused on imperial domination of the seas, and translates it into an effective imperial domination of space without sufficiently examining the realities of spacepower in Earth orbit. Chapter 1 ends with an explanation of how pedagogical theory and strategic analogies work, and how the propositions should be used by drawing on the concepts of Carl von Clausewitz.","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0004
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Drawing on lesser-known and often counter-imperial experiences and theories of continental seapower, this chapter develops spacepower concepts that more accurately resemble spacepower as we know it today. This draws out additional insights that theorise the defining feature of spacepower as a more subtle, secondary and supporting form of power. This new vision of spacepower in the celestial coastline of Earth orbit is detailed in Proposition V, and theorises the supporting functions of spacepower’s satellite infrastructure for the first time, as well as their influence on terrestrial strategy. Anti-satellite weapons, logistics, third parties and neutrals, as well as economic warfare in space are addressed and integrated into spacepower theory. Rather than an open ocean, Earth orbit resembles something more like a coastline, a littoral, or flank relative to Earth itself.
{"title":"Continental Insights and Strategic Manoeuvring","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on lesser-known and often counter-imperial experiences and theories of continental seapower, this chapter develops spacepower concepts that more accurately resemble spacepower as we know it today. This draws out additional insights that theorise the defining feature of spacepower as a more subtle, secondary and supporting form of power. This new vision of spacepower in the celestial coastline of Earth orbit is detailed in Proposition V, and theorises the supporting functions of spacepower’s satellite infrastructure for the first time, as well as their influence on terrestrial strategy. Anti-satellite weapons, logistics, third parties and neutrals, as well as economic warfare in space are addressed and integrated into spacepower theory. Rather than an open ocean, Earth orbit resembles something more like a coastline, a littoral, or flank relative to Earth itself.","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125218008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0003
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Chapter 2 explains the first four propositions of spacepower theory by building on and critiquing the existing Anglo-American strategic visions of space, often derived from imperial bluewater sources of seapower. These propositions provide a solid foundation for the following propositions and chapters which provide more insights into the nature of spacepower. Proposition I explains how the command of space is a foundational concept to understanding the ultimate strategic rationale of space warfare and underscores the base analogy from the sea to outer space. Proposition II explores the unique challenges of outer space. Proposition III moderates the discussion on the decisiveness of the command of space in terrestrial warfare. Proposition IV applies lines of communication to spacepower. Much of the literature behind these four propositions however overplay the role of hegemony however, and sets the scene for Proposition V to correct it.
{"title":"Commanding Space: Bluewater Foundations","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 explains the first four propositions of spacepower theory by building on and critiquing the existing Anglo-American strategic visions of space, often derived from imperial bluewater sources of seapower. These propositions provide a solid foundation for the following propositions and chapters which provide more insights into the nature of spacepower. Proposition I explains how the command of space is a foundational concept to understanding the ultimate strategic rationale of space warfare and underscores the base analogy from the sea to outer space. Proposition II explores the unique challenges of outer space. Proposition III moderates the discussion on the decisiveness of the command of space in terrestrial warfare. Proposition IV applies lines of communication to spacepower. Much of the literature behind these four propositions however overplay the role of hegemony however, and sets the scene for Proposition V to correct it.","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122906272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0006
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Chapter 5 theorises the ubiquitous dispersing effects of spacepower upon Earth, which continues a longer-term trend in military capabilities. It is through exploiting and challenging the dispersing power from commanding this coastline of Earth orbit that we can integrate the real consequences of spacepower into thinking on grand strategy and international security on Earth itself. Satellite constellations are dispersed and enable the dispersion of networked terrestrial military units without losing cohesion or combat power when coupled with precision-strike weapons. This also imposes dispersion on enemy forces and changes the terms under which concentration can still be achieved in conventional warfare in the 21st century.
{"title":"Dispersal, Concentration and Defence","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 theorises the ubiquitous dispersing effects of spacepower upon Earth, which continues a longer-term trend in military capabilities. It is through exploiting and challenging the dispersing power from commanding this coastline of Earth orbit that we can integrate the real consequences of spacepower into thinking on grand strategy and international security on Earth itself. Satellite constellations are dispersed and enable the dispersion of networked terrestrial military units without losing cohesion or combat power when coupled with precision-strike weapons. This also imposes dispersion on enemy forces and changes the terms under which concentration can still be achieved in conventional warfare in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133226101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0008
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Spacepower’s time has come. The deployment and use of machines in Earth orbit influences the conduct of modern warfare and perceptions over the balance of power in the international system. Yet the use of space technology and the ‘geo’ politics of space continues to be a marginalised material reality in IR. To attempt to redress this somewhat, this book has built on existing space-power theories and provided an original and rigorous theory of spacepower based on seven propositions, the vision of Earth orbit as a celestial coastline, and an application of that theory to demonstrate the influence of spacepower upon a scenario of modern warfare. Regardless of the actor or of the exact space warfare capabilities and basing locations, this theory should structure creative and critical thought about how spacepower influences modern warfare, and how the universal logics of war influence our thought about space warfare itself. Not only does the theory intend to educate the reader in the qualities of spacepower and the dynamics of space warfare on the strategic level, but also to instil a Clausewitzian way of thinking about the conduct of war in the Space Age. Space cannot be reduced to the simplistic ‘high ground’ as often described in public commentary on military space activities, yet the advantages derived from space infrastructure for tactical military capabilities cannot be denied. The seven propositions and the coastal analogy have instead probed the more nuanced complexities of war in Earth orbit and terrestrial warfare under the influence of spacepower and orbital infrastructures....
{"title":"Conclusion: Spacepower and International Relations","authors":"Bleddyn E. Bowen","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Spacepower’s time has come. The deployment and use of machines in Earth orbit influences the conduct of modern warfare and perceptions over the balance of power in the international system. Yet the use of space technology and the ‘geo’ politics of space continues to be a marginalised material reality in IR. To attempt to redress this somewhat, this book has built on existing space-power theories and provided an original and rigorous theory of spacepower based on seven propositions, the vision of Earth orbit as a celestial coastline, and an application of that theory to demonstrate the influence of spacepower upon a scenario of modern warfare. Regardless of the actor or of the exact space warfare capabilities and basing locations, this theory should structure creative and critical thought about how spacepower influences modern warfare, and how the universal logics of war influence our thought about space warfare itself. Not only does the theory intend to educate the reader in the qualities of spacepower and the dynamics of space warfare on the strategic level, but also to instil a Clausewitzian way of thinking about the conduct of war in the Space Age. Space cannot be reduced to the simplistic ‘high ground’ as often described in public commentary on military space activities, yet the advantages derived from space infrastructure for tactical military capabilities cannot be denied. The seven propositions and the coastal analogy have instead probed the more nuanced complexities of war in Earth orbit and terrestrial warfare under the influence of spacepower and orbital infrastructures....","PeriodicalId":180418,"journal":{"name":"War in Space","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128878308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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