Robert J. Lennox, Erlend M. Hanssen, Eirik Straume Normann, Bjørn T. Barlaup, Cecilie I. Nilsen, Lotte S. Dahlmo, Saron Berhe, Knut Wiik Vollset
Brown trout is a partially migratory salmonid that makes use of diverse habitats to maximise growth and fitness. One of the most substantial threats to brown trout is infection with pathogens from open net‐pen fish farming, which creates hotspots for pathogen reproduction and transmission. Western Norway is a global hotspot for both fish farming and wild salmonids, which generates conflicts due to the impacts of the farms on the behaviour, survival, and fitness of salmonids that overlap with farming activities. In this study, we tagged adult brown trout (>35 cm) at two spatiotemporal intervals that corresponded to two different life history stages: springtime in the river when trout were completing overwintering and summer in the fjord when trout were in their marine feeding phase. The tagging revealed three different behaviours, fish that remained in freshwater, fish that migrated between freshwater and the fjord, and fish that remained in the estuary. Although some trout moved >100 km to the outer fjord areas, most trout remained relatively close to the river. Depth sensor transmitters in a subset of trout also revealed that the trout remained in the upper water column. Most of the horizontal and vertical movements therefore resulted in spatial overlap with fish farming for the migratory trout, but not for resident trout that remained in the estuary or in freshwater. Findings reveal the challenges of managing a fish with such behavioural plasticity but the urgency of recognising how important inner fjord habitats are for migratory brown trout.
{"title":"Migratory contingents of brown trout reveal variable exposure to anthropogenic threats along a fjord‐river continuum","authors":"Robert J. Lennox, Erlend M. Hanssen, Eirik Straume Normann, Bjørn T. Barlaup, Cecilie I. Nilsen, Lotte S. Dahlmo, Saron Berhe, Knut Wiik Vollset","doi":"10.1111/maec.12820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12820","url":null,"abstract":"Brown trout is a partially migratory salmonid that makes use of diverse habitats to maximise growth and fitness. One of the most substantial threats to brown trout is infection with pathogens from open net‐pen fish farming, which creates hotspots for pathogen reproduction and transmission. Western Norway is a global hotspot for both fish farming and wild salmonids, which generates conflicts due to the impacts of the farms on the behaviour, survival, and fitness of salmonids that overlap with farming activities. In this study, we tagged adult brown trout (>35 cm) at two spatiotemporal intervals that corresponded to two different life history stages: springtime in the river when trout were completing overwintering and summer in the fjord when trout were in their marine feeding phase. The tagging revealed three different behaviours, fish that remained in freshwater, fish that migrated between freshwater and the fjord, and fish that remained in the estuary. Although some trout moved >100 km to the outer fjord areas, most trout remained relatively close to the river. Depth sensor transmitters in a subset of trout also revealed that the trout remained in the upper water column. Most of the horizontal and vertical movements therefore resulted in spatial overlap with fish farming for the migratory trout, but not for resident trout that remained in the estuary or in freshwater. Findings reveal the challenges of managing a fish with such behavioural plasticity but the urgency of recognising how important inner fjord habitats are for migratory brown trout.","PeriodicalId":18330,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiversity patterns are fundamental in our understanding of the distribution of life, ecosystem function, and conservation. In this concept analysis, A survey of the existing knowledge on marine biodiversity patterns and drivers across latitudes, longitudes, and depths indicates that none of the postulated patterns represent a rule. The paradigm of latitudinal gradients or bathymetric patterns of diversity vary across biogeographic regions or biodiversity components, kingdoms, or body sizes. The same holds true for the hypothesized longitudinal and cost‐offshore patterns. Food availability and temperature influence all life forms and appear to be the most relevant factors shaping marine biodiversity. However, these drivers interact with many other variables such as spatial heterogeneity, ecological and physical processes creating a complex mosaic of shaping factors that limits any prediction. Climate change, with its implications for global primary productivity and temperature rise, can represent one of the major influences on future marine biodiversity. Understanding biodiversity emphasizes the need to complete the census of marine life in the next decade. The effort must use the most advanced technologies, develop holistic approaches and promote the integration of morphological‐ and genetic‐based taxonomy to explore the biodiversity of organisms of all size classes, at large spatial scales and across habitat types, particularly open ocean and deep‐sea ecosystems. Without this basic knowledge, coupled with identification of the drivers shaping the observed patterns, we will be unable to fill these knowledge gaps that are crucial for developing adequate conservation measures of marine biodiversity at global scale.
{"title":"Understanding marine biodiversity patterns and drivers: The fall of Icarus","authors":"Roberto Danovaro","doi":"10.1111/maec.12814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12814","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity patterns are fundamental in our understanding of the distribution of life, ecosystem function, and conservation. In this concept analysis, A survey of the existing knowledge on marine biodiversity patterns and drivers across latitudes, longitudes, and depths indicates that none of the postulated patterns represent a rule. The paradigm of latitudinal gradients or bathymetric patterns of diversity vary across biogeographic regions or biodiversity components, kingdoms, or body sizes. The same holds true for the hypothesized longitudinal and cost‐offshore patterns. Food availability and temperature influence all life forms and appear to be the most relevant factors shaping marine biodiversity. However, these drivers interact with many other variables such as spatial heterogeneity, ecological and physical processes creating a complex mosaic of shaping factors that limits any prediction. Climate change, with its implications for global primary productivity and temperature rise, can represent one of the major influences on future marine biodiversity. Understanding biodiversity emphasizes the need to complete the census of marine life in the next decade. The effort must use the most advanced technologies, develop holistic approaches and promote the integration of morphological‐ and genetic‐based taxonomy to explore the biodiversity of organisms of all size classes, at large spatial scales and across habitat types, particularly open ocean and deep‐sea ecosystems. Without this basic knowledge, coupled with identification of the drivers shaping the observed patterns, we will be unable to fill these knowledge gaps that are crucial for developing adequate conservation measures of marine biodiversity at global scale.","PeriodicalId":18330,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingibjörg G. Jónsdóttir, Jón Sólmundsson, Jónas P. Jonasson, Pamela J. Woods
Commercial fishing is almost always non‐random and generally removes large and old individuals from fish stocks, thereby reducing age diversity among spawners. Reduced age diversity may result in less stable recruitment. Here, we explore the influence of age diversity (H), mean age of the spawning stock (MA) and sea surface temperature (SST) on recruitment‐per‐spawning biomass (RSSB) for five commercial gadoid species (Atlantic cod, haddock, ling, saithe and tusk) by using data from analytical stock assessment spanning 4–7 decades. In the past 10–20 years, spawning stock biomass of these species (except for tusk) has increased due to lower fishing pressure. Concurrently, H and MA increased, especially for cod. However, our results did not indicate long term either positive or negative correlation between the maternal factors (H and MA) and RSSB for four of the studied species. Cod was the only species that showed significant positive correlation between H and RSSB, but the correlation did not hold during the most recent period of high SST. The conflicting outcomes underscore the difficulty in identifying a constant and direct maternal and/or environmental influence on RSSB.
商业捕捞几乎都是非随机的，通常会从鱼类种群中清除大个体和老个体，从而减少产卵者的年龄多样性。年龄多样性的降低可能会导致鱼类繁殖的不稳定性。在此，我们利用跨越 4-7 年的种群评估分析数据，探讨了年龄多样性（H）、产卵种群平均年龄（MA）和海面温度（SST）对五种商业鳕鱼（大西洋鳕鱼、黑线鳕、长魣鳕、秋刀鱼和鳕鱼）的每次产卵生物量（RSSB）的影响。在过去的10-20年中，由于捕捞压力降低，这些物种（鳕鱼除外）的产卵种群生物量有所增加。同时，H 和 MA 也有所增加，尤其是鳕鱼。然而，我们的研究结果并未表明，在所研究的四个物种中，母体因子（H 和 MA）与 RSSB 之间存在长期的正相关或负相关关系。鳕鱼是唯一一个在 H 和 RSSB 之间表现出显著正相关的物种，但这种相关性在最近的高海温时期并不成立。这些相互矛盾的结果突出表明，很难确定母体和/或环境对 RSSB 的持续和直接影响。
{"title":"Maternal effects on recruitment of five gadoid species","authors":"Ingibjörg G. Jónsdóttir, Jón Sólmundsson, Jónas P. Jonasson, Pamela J. Woods","doi":"10.1111/maec.12816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12816","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial fishing is almost always non‐random and generally removes large and old individuals from fish stocks, thereby reducing age diversity among spawners. Reduced age diversity may result in less stable recruitment. Here, we explore the influence of age diversity (<jats:italic>H</jats:italic>), mean age of the spawning stock (MA) and sea surface temperature (SST) on recruitment‐per‐spawning biomass (RSSB) for five commercial gadoid species (Atlantic cod, haddock, ling, saithe and tusk) by using data from analytical stock assessment spanning 4–7 decades. In the past 10–20 years, spawning stock biomass of these species (except for tusk) has increased due to lower fishing pressure. Concurrently, <jats:italic>H</jats:italic> and MA increased, especially for cod. However, our results did not indicate long term either positive or negative correlation between the maternal factors (<jats:italic>H</jats:italic> and MA) and RSSB for four of the studied species. Cod was the only species that showed significant positive correlation between <jats:italic>H</jats:italic> and RSSB, but the correlation did not hold during the most recent period of high SST. The conflicting outcomes underscore the difficulty in identifying a constant and direct maternal and/or environmental influence on RSSB.","PeriodicalId":18330,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adriana Zingone, Domenico D'Alelio, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi
Plankton play a fundamental role in coastal and oceanic ecosystems as a key component of biogeochemical cycles and pelagic trophic webs and contribute to determining and maintaining the health of the oceans. More than half of the world's population living along the coasts relies on services offered by plankton in terms of seafood availability and seawater quality, at the same time altering coastal margins and affecting marine ecosystems (Vitousek et al., 1997). Therefore, monitoring, quantifying and understanding the responses of plankton to the variability of the coastal environment represent an urgent challenge to the scientific community, and even more so in an epoch of rapid changes. Yet, because of the prevalent microscopic nature of planktonic organisms and logistic hindrances, research in this field started developing only in the second half of the XIX century. One of the first marine sites for plankton studies in the world was the Gulf of Naples (GoN), a coastal embayment of the mid-Tyrrhenian Sea in the western Mediterranean. The GoN is located in the temperate zone but with subtropical characteristics, under the anthropogenic impacts from one of the most densely populated areas of the Mediterranean Sea contrasted by the influence of the oligotrophic open Tyrrhenian waters. Consequently, the GoN is a mosaic of areas with different ecological conditions, where highly impacted habitats coexist with relatively pristine localities and marine protected areas. Studies on the plankton of the GoN were fostered by scientists working at the Stazione Zoologica (SZN), the first marine institution in Europe funded in 1872 by Anton Dohrn. Plankton of the GoN were initially analysed to unveil their extraordinary diversity (e.g. Giesbrecht, 1892) and diverse phenology (De Angelis, 1958; Indelli, 1944; Issel, 1934). In the second half of the last century, studies also focused on plankton taxonomy, life cycles and distribution in space and time, until regular monitoring was started in 1984 with a long-term ecological research programme at the site MareChiara (LTER-MC), which is part of the Italian, European and international LTER networks as of 2006. LTER-MC is located two nautical miles off the coast of the city of Naples in an area that can be alternatively influenced by the eutrophic coastal zone and the oligotrophic waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Over the years, LTER-MC has proved to be not only a valuable observatory of the diversity, complexity and temporal variability of plankton but also a precious natural laboratory to test hypotheses that emerged from field observations (reviewed by Zingone et al., 2019). In this Special Issue, we have collected the results of the most recent ecological investigations conducted on the plankton of the GoN with the intent to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the SZN foundation, an important occasion that has been widely commemorated (Boero et al., 2023). The Special Issue focuses on phyto- and zooplankton and thei
浮游生物作为生物地球化学循环和远洋营养网的关键组成部分，在沿海和海洋生态系统中发挥着根本作用，有助于确定和维持海洋的健康。在海产品供应和海水质量方面，世界上一半以上的沿海人口依赖浮游生物提供的服务，同时改变了沿海边缘并影响了海洋生态系统(Vitousek et al.， 1997)。因此，监测、量化和了解浮游生物对沿海环境变化的反应是科学界面临的一项紧迫挑战，在快速变化的时代更是如此。然而，由于浮游生物普遍具有微观性质和逻辑障碍，这一领域的研究直到19世纪下半叶才开始发展。世界上最早进行浮游生物研究的海洋地点之一是那不勒斯湾(goni)，它是地中海西部第勒尼安海中部的一个沿海海湾。GoN位于温带，但具有亚热带特征，受到地中海人口最稠密地区之一的人为影响，与少营养开放的第勒尼安水域的影响形成对比。因此，尼泊尔是一个由不同生态条件的地区组成的马赛克，在这些地区，受到严重影响的栖息地与相对原始的地区和海洋保护区共存。1872年，Anton Dohrn成立了欧洲第一个海洋研究机构——国家动物学研究所(SZN)，该研究所的科学家们开始了对大西洋浮游生物的研究。对印度洋浮游生物的初步分析揭示了它们非凡的多样性(如Giesbrecht, 1892)和多样的物候(De Angelis, 1958;Indelli, 1944;Issel, 1934)。在上个世纪下半叶，研究还集中在浮游生物的分类、生命周期和时空分布上，直到1984年开始定期监测，并在MareChiara (LTER- mc)站点开展了长期生态研究计划，该站点自2006年起成为意大利、欧洲和国际LTER网络的一部分。LTER-MC位于那不勒斯市海岸两海里处，该区域可交替受到富营养化海岸带和第勒尼安海贫营养化水域的影响。多年来，lr - mc已被证明不仅是浮游生物多样性、复杂性和时间变异性的宝贵观测站，也是检验实地观测中出现的假设的宝贵天然实验室(由Zingone等人审查，2019)。在本期特刊中，我们收集了最近对湄公河浮游生物进行的生态调查的结果，目的是庆祝SZN成立150周年，这是一个被广泛纪念的重要时刻(Boero et al.， 2023)。本期特刊通过野外和实验室调查，采用经典方法和最新发展的分子方法，重点介绍植物和浮游动物及其环境。通过这些收集，我们收集了关于墨西哥湾浮游生物的最新知识，并特别关注可能揭示超出采样地点局部尺度的一般生态问题的特征。本期特刊调查的主题跨越了不同的时间尺度。一些研究考虑了较长时期的lr - mc时间序列，并检查了环境变量的趋势(Kokoszka等人，2023;Romillac et al.， 2023)揭示了对于浮游生物而言，包括近岸交换、淡水停留时间和混合层深度变浅在内的水文变化比夏季记录的简单温度升高更为重要。浮游生物的反应体现在，由于分层期延长，秋季水华的强度逐年增加，以及浮游植物和中浮游动物的特定元素的显著趋势。例如，硅藻、裸生植物和隐生植物对浮游植物生物量的贡献增加(Saggiomo等，2023)，食肉动物毛囊动物和典型滤食性动物(如枝海洋动物、尾尾动物、海藻类)的增加以及桡足类动物的减少(Mazzocchi等，2023)。有趣的是，观察到的环境和生物变化与整个中浮游动物群落的总体稳定性形成对比(Mazzocchi等人，2023)，这与最近浮游植物群落对年际变化的抵抗力相似(Longobardi等人，2022)。
{"title":"The Gulf of Naples as a model system for plankton ecology studies","authors":"Adriana Zingone, Domenico D'Alelio, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi","doi":"10.1111/maec.12779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12779","url":null,"abstract":"Plankton play a fundamental role in coastal and oceanic ecosystems as a key component of biogeochemical cycles and pelagic trophic webs and contribute to determining and maintaining the health of the oceans. More than half of the world's population living along the coasts relies on services offered by plankton in terms of seafood availability and seawater quality, at the same time altering coastal margins and affecting marine ecosystems (Vitousek et al., 1997). Therefore, monitoring, quantifying and understanding the responses of plankton to the variability of the coastal environment represent an urgent challenge to the scientific community, and even more so in an epoch of rapid changes. Yet, because of the prevalent microscopic nature of planktonic organisms and logistic hindrances, research in this field started developing only in the second half of the XIX century. One of the first marine sites for plankton studies in the world was the Gulf of Naples (GoN), a coastal embayment of the mid-Tyrrhenian Sea in the western Mediterranean. The GoN is located in the temperate zone but with subtropical characteristics, under the anthropogenic impacts from one of the most densely populated areas of the Mediterranean Sea contrasted by the influence of the oligotrophic open Tyrrhenian waters. Consequently, the GoN is a mosaic of areas with different ecological conditions, where highly impacted habitats coexist with relatively pristine localities and marine protected areas. Studies on the plankton of the GoN were fostered by scientists working at the Stazione Zoologica (SZN), the first marine institution in Europe funded in 1872 by Anton Dohrn. Plankton of the GoN were initially analysed to unveil their extraordinary diversity (e.g. Giesbrecht, 1892) and diverse phenology (De Angelis, 1958; Indelli, 1944; Issel, 1934). In the second half of the last century, studies also focused on plankton taxonomy, life cycles and distribution in space and time, until regular monitoring was started in 1984 with a long-term ecological research programme at the site MareChiara (LTER-MC), which is part of the Italian, European and international LTER networks as of 2006. LTER-MC is located two nautical miles off the coast of the city of Naples in an area that can be alternatively influenced by the eutrophic coastal zone and the oligotrophic waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Over the years, LTER-MC has proved to be not only a valuable observatory of the diversity, complexity and temporal variability of plankton but also a precious natural laboratory to test hypotheses that emerged from field observations (reviewed by Zingone et al., 2019). In this Special Issue, we have collected the results of the most recent ecological investigations conducted on the plankton of the GoN with the intent to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the SZN foundation, an important occasion that has been widely commemorated (Boero et al., 2023). The Special Issue focuses on phyto- and zooplankton and thei","PeriodicalId":18330,"journal":{"name":"Marine Ecology","volume":"20 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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