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Building Early Modern Edinburgh最新文献

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Family, Household and Obligation 家庭、家务和义务
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474442381.003.0003
Aaron R. Allen
The second chapter looks beyond the free ‘master’ craftsmen of the ‘House’ to their wider households, looking to both craft families and their lodgers. The metaphor of ‘the House’ as a chosen identifier used by the Incorporation has particular significance, as the family and the household were the basic units of post-Reformation Scottish society. Patterns of marriage will be used to look at the often-invisible ‘sisters of the craft’. Endogamy will also be considered, demonstrating how disconnected the ten arts were in terms of forming marriage alliances across craft lines. Education of children and dependents – a crucial foundation for those aspiring to enter the building trades – will be explored both in terms of the support of schoolmasters at Mary’s Chapel and of the specialist craft training involved in apprenticeships. Finally, access to work in a crowded labour market will be discussed, both for the co-resident journeymen and feed servants, as well as for the widows, wives and daughters of the privileged masters. The craft economy was broader than just the free master craftsmen, as was the House, which relied on the women, children and unfree labourers which helped make up the individual craft households.
第二章超越了“房子”的自由“大师”工匠,着眼于更广泛的家庭,寻找工匠家庭和他们的房客。“房子”作为公司选择的标识符的比喻具有特殊的意义,因为家庭和家庭是改革后苏格兰社会的基本单位。婚姻模式将被用来观察那些通常看不见的“手艺姐妹”。内婚制也将被考虑,展示十种艺术在形成跨工艺线的婚姻联盟方面是如何脱节的。孩子和家属的教育——对于那些有志于进入建筑行业的人来说是至关重要的基础——将在玛丽教堂校长的支持和学徒制的专业工艺培训方面进行探索。最后,将讨论在拥挤的劳动力市场中获得工作的机会,既包括共同居住的临时工和饲料仆人,也包括享有特权的主人的寡妇、妻子和女儿。手工业经济不仅仅局限于自由的手工业大师,家族也一样,依靠妇女,儿童和非自由劳工组成个体手工业家庭。
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引用次数: 0
Craft and Kirk: Security, Status and Shelter 工艺与柯克:安全、地位与庇护
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474442381.003.0004
Aaron Allen
This chapter looks at relations with the church, exploring themes of eternal security, earthly status and the material provision of shelter for meetings, before and after the Reformation. In 1475 the Incorporation received not only their seal of cause, granting them trade-regulatory privileges, but also a separate grant of an altar to Sts John the Baptist and Evangelist. This distinction between craft guild and confraternity is crucial to our understanding of the House. The Incorporation made important contributions to public worship, though participation in processions and feast days, and to the provision of masses at their altar in the town’s collegiate church. Beyond this, they also imagined, built and decorated the fabric of these important buildings. In return they were given security and assurance, first through an altar, and later through a pulpit. They received standing through their particularly-prestigious altar dedication and their position in processions nearest to the sacrament, and they took shelter for their corporate meetings in the town’s kirk. With the Reformation, however, the loss of their altar and meeting space had a direct and lasting impact on the corporate identity of the craftsmen.
这一章着眼于与教会的关系,探讨了宗教改革前后的永恒安全、世俗地位和聚会的物质供应等主题。1475年,该公司不仅获得了他们的原因印章,授予他们贸易监管特权,而且还获得了施洗者和福音传道者圣约翰的祭坛。手艺公会和同业公会之间的区别对我们理解众议院至关重要。通过参加游行和节日,以及在镇上的大学教堂的祭坛上提供弥撒,公司对公众崇拜做出了重要贡献。除此之外,他们还想象、建造和装饰这些重要建筑的结构。作为回报,他们得到了安全与保证,先是祭坛,后来是讲坛。他们在特别有名的圣坛奉献仪式上获得了地位,在离圣餐最近的游行队伍中获得了地位,他们在镇上的教堂里躲避集体会议。然而,随着宗教改革,他们的祭坛和会议空间的丧失对工匠的企业形象产生了直接而持久的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Headship and Inclusion 领导与包容
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474442381.003.0002
Aaron R. Allen
The Incorporation chose to describe themselves as ‘the House’, laying claim to their place as one of the building blocks of a godly society, and emphasising their desire for unity and a common purpose for their brethren. Chapter one will look at the internal relationships within this House, both between craft and craft in a composite incorporation, and between freemen and ‘stallangers’, exploring how certain trades became established while others remained tolerated and licensed unfreemen. The internal craft aristocracy and the oligarchic tendency to be selective in allowing access to corporate privileges led to a particular crisis in the 1690s, when the deacon convener of Edinburgh’s fourteen incorporated trades ordered the doors of Mary’s Chapel shut until arbitration could mend the relationship between the two senior trades of Mary’s Chapel, the masons and the wrights. Still, this divided House managed to survive, despite encroachments of unfree craftspeople and internal disputes.
该公司选择将自己描述为“议院”,声称他们的地位是一个虔诚社会的基石之一,并强调他们对团结和兄弟共同目标的渴望。第一章将探讨这个议院的内部关系,包括复合公司中的工艺和工艺之间的关系,以及自由人和“摊贩”之间的关系,探讨某些行业是如何建立起来的,而另一些行业则保持容忍和许可非自由人。内部的工艺贵族和寡头倾向有选择性地允许获得公司特权,导致了1690年代的一场特别危机,当时爱丁堡14个合并行业的执事召集人下令关闭玛丽教堂的大门,直到仲裁可以修复玛丽教堂两个高级行业,泥瓦匠和作家之间的关系。尽管有不自由的工匠的入侵和内部纠纷,这个分裂的家族还是设法生存了下来。
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引用次数: 0
Craft and Burgh: Conflict or Partnership? 工艺与Burgh:冲突还是合作?
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474442381.003.0005
Aaron Allen
The fourth chapter considers relations between the Incorporation and the wider burgh, looking at council control and customer interference. Sixteenth-century craft-council relations are usually portrayed as a merchant-craft conflict, though recent historiography has begun to question how pervasive this conflict was. Building on this debate, should we see relations between the Incorporation and the magistrates as a process of gradual integration, as the new burgh constitution of 1583 gave the crafts a firm role in burgh politics? The situation was complicated by demographic growth, suburban competition, and the interference of powerful burgh customers, such as the nobility, the church and the crown, all of which encouraged the unfree craftsman and woman. Some institutions of council control, such as parliamentary laws over the setting of prices, or restrictions to foreign trade in crucial raw materials complicated relations further, though questions arise over the effectiveness of such prescriptive legislation, as shown by Incorporation minutes which suggest that they set their own prices by the eighteenth century. Using burgesship and guildry rolls, the relationship between the trades of Mary’s Chapel and the merchant guild are explored. To what extent were the Incorporation partners with the merchant dominated council, and what impact did the 1583 ‘decreet arbitral’ have on the relationship between House and burgh?
第四章考虑公司与更广泛的城市之间的关系,着眼于理事会控制和客户干预。16世纪手工艺委员会的关系通常被描绘成商人与手工艺的冲突,尽管最近的史学已经开始质疑这种冲突有多普遍。基于这一争论,我们是否应该将法团和地方官员之间的关系视为一个逐渐融合的过程,因为1583年的新城市宪法赋予了工匠在城市政治中的坚定角色?人口增长、郊区竞争以及强大的城市客户(如贵族、教会和王室)的干预,使情况变得更加复杂,所有这些都鼓励了不自由的工匠和妇女。一些理事会控制的机构,如制定价格的议会法律,或对关键原材料的对外贸易的限制,使关系进一步复杂化,尽管对这些说明性立法的有效性提出了问题,如公司会议纪要所示,他们在18世纪制定了自己的价格。本文运用自治制度和行会制度,探讨了玛丽教堂与商人行会之间的关系。公司在多大程度上与商人主导的理事会合作,1583年的“仲裁令”对House和burgh之间的关系有什么影响?
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引用次数: 0
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Building Early Modern Edinburgh
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