Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000058
A. Awan
Equine herpes virus (EHV-1) causes wide-spread infection among horses worldwide. Virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, paresis, retinopathy, viramea and becomes latent. Horses show transient immunity after EHV-1 infection, where immune responses have been observed to decline after a few months of infection and recovered horses are prone to EHV-1 reinfection. Due to transient immune responses, effective and lasting vaccination to EHV-1 remains a challenge. In an HSV murine model, mice provides solid protection and recovered mice could not be re-infected. In this study we infected mice with EHV-1 intra nasally and after five months, mice were re-infected with EHV-1 along with the previously placebo control. It was expected that mice that had recovered would show some level of protection, but in fact they showed unexpectedly severe clinical signs and more deaths on reinfection. Reinfected mice showed severe breathing difficulties, abdominal breathing, weight loss and death compared to mice infected for the first time. The answers to the worst clinical signs came from post-mortem and histopathological findings. Lungs of challenged mice showed severe consolidation and profound infiltration of inflammatory cells such that the normal parenchyma and architecture of lungs were completely lost. The results of this study suggest that immunoreactive pathological mechanisms exists and should be considered in designing intranasal vaccine preparation for EHV-1 and possibly for other respiratory infections.
{"title":"Immunopathology in Lungs after Intranasal Challenge with Live Virus in EHV-1 Recovered Murine Model of EHV-1 Infection: Lessons Learned From Unexpected Findings","authors":"A. Awan","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000058","url":null,"abstract":"Equine herpes virus (EHV-1) causes wide-spread infection among horses worldwide. Virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, paresis, retinopathy, viramea and becomes latent. Horses show transient immunity after EHV-1 infection, where immune responses have been observed to decline after a few months of infection and recovered horses are prone to EHV-1 reinfection. Due to transient immune responses, effective and lasting vaccination to EHV-1 remains a challenge. In an HSV murine model, mice provides solid protection and recovered mice could not be re-infected. In this study we infected mice with EHV-1 intra nasally and after five months, mice were re-infected with EHV-1 along with the previously placebo control. It was expected that mice that had recovered would show some level of protection, but in fact they showed unexpectedly severe clinical signs and more deaths on reinfection. Reinfected mice showed severe breathing difficulties, abdominal breathing, weight loss and death compared to mice infected for the first time. The answers to the worst clinical signs came from post-mortem and histopathological findings. Lungs of challenged mice showed severe consolidation and profound infiltration of inflammatory cells such that the normal parenchyma and architecture of lungs were completely lost. The results of this study suggest that immunoreactive pathological mechanisms exists and should be considered in designing intranasal vaccine preparation for EHV-1 and possibly for other respiratory infections.","PeriodicalId":186241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124756097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000017
Peter F Surai
L-carnitine (LC) is a small water-soluble molecule playing an important role in fat metabolism and there is a growing interest in the potential uses of LC as a medicinal agent and as a nutritional/dietary supplement. In addition to a great interest from medical sciences, carnitine received a substantial attention from pig and poultry industry. In particular, poultry and pig diets are formulated mainly with plant feed ingredients which are poor sources of carnitine. Furthermore, internal carnitine synthesis depends on many factors and in some cases could be inadequate. Therefore, it seems likely that carnitine dietary supplementation of highly productive and/or stressed animals/ birds is of great importance. The molecular mechanisms accounting for the positive effects of LC on farm animals and poultry are not yet determined but many protective effects of LC reported in literature have been related to its antioxidant action. Based on literature review it is concluded that there are several important mechanisms of antioxidant action of carnitine. Firstly, carnitine is shown to directly scavenge free radicals. However, this activity is most likely related to the gut antioxidant defences and has limited relevance to target tissues with relatively low carnitine concentrations. Secondly, carnitine can chelate transition metals (Fe 2+ and Cu + ), preventing their participation in ROS formation via Fenton reaction. However, detailed mechanisms of this process should be further elucidated using modern techniques applied to various biological systems. Again, this carnitine action is very much related to the gut. Thirdly, and more importantly, LC is found to decrease free radical formation by inhibiting specific enzymes (e.g. xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase) responsible for free radical production. This carnitine action has a high biological relevance in various stress conditions. Fourthly, and most importantly, carnitine is shown to participate in maintaining the integrity of mitochondria, including electron-transport chain of mitochondria, in stress conditions. Indeed, carnitine can be considered as a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, responsible for mitochondria integrity maintenance and regulation of ROS production and ROS signalling. Fifthly, carnitine can affect vitamin E absorption and metabolism improving the total antioxidant systems. There are important additional mechanisms of carnitine AO activity, including activation/inhibition of various transcription factors and vitagene networks. Antioxidant activities of carnitine in physiologically relevant concentrations have been well demonstrated in various in vitro systems including cell cultures or isolated cells or organelles. Protective effect of LC and its derivatives on the antioxidant systems of the body are also shown in various models of oxidative stress/toxicity caused by a variety of toxicants and neurotoxic agents. Several lines of evidence from animal experiments and clinical studies in
{"title":"Carnitine Enigma: From Antioxidant Action to Vitagene Regulation. Part 1. Absorption, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Activities","authors":"Peter F Surai","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000017","url":null,"abstract":"L-carnitine (LC) is a small water-soluble molecule playing an important role in fat metabolism and there is a growing interest in the potential uses of LC as a medicinal agent and as a nutritional/dietary supplement. In addition to a great interest from medical sciences, carnitine received a substantial attention from pig and poultry industry. In particular, poultry and pig diets are formulated mainly with plant feed ingredients which are poor sources of carnitine. Furthermore, internal carnitine synthesis depends on many factors and in some cases could be inadequate. Therefore, it seems likely that carnitine dietary supplementation of highly productive and/or stressed animals/ birds is of great importance. The molecular mechanisms accounting for the positive effects of LC on farm animals and poultry are not yet determined but many protective effects of LC reported in literature have been related to its antioxidant action. Based on literature review it is concluded that there are several important mechanisms of antioxidant action of carnitine. Firstly, carnitine is shown to directly scavenge free radicals. However, this activity is most likely related to the gut antioxidant defences and has limited relevance to target tissues with relatively low carnitine concentrations. Secondly, carnitine can chelate transition metals (Fe 2+ and Cu + ), preventing their participation in ROS formation via Fenton reaction. However, detailed mechanisms of this process should be further elucidated using modern techniques applied to various biological systems. Again, this carnitine action is very much related to the gut. Thirdly, and more importantly, LC is found to decrease free radical formation by inhibiting specific enzymes (e.g. xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase) responsible for free radical production. This carnitine action has a high biological relevance in various stress conditions. Fourthly, and most importantly, carnitine is shown to participate in maintaining the integrity of mitochondria, including electron-transport chain of mitochondria, in stress conditions. Indeed, carnitine can be considered as a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, responsible for mitochondria integrity maintenance and regulation of ROS production and ROS signalling. Fifthly, carnitine can affect vitamin E absorption and metabolism improving the total antioxidant systems. There are important additional mechanisms of carnitine AO activity, including activation/inhibition of various transcription factors and vitagene networks. Antioxidant activities of carnitine in physiologically relevant concentrations have been well demonstrated in various in vitro systems including cell cultures or isolated cells or organelles. Protective effect of LC and its derivatives on the antioxidant systems of the body are also shown in various models of oxidative stress/toxicity caused by a variety of toxicants and neurotoxic agents. Several lines of evidence from animal experiments and clinical studies in","PeriodicalId":186241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133441720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000059
Invi t ing Innova t ions
, and
,
{"title":"Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Mercury Concentrations in North Pacific Baleen Whales and the Comparison of Their Calves with Toothed Whale Calves","authors":"Invi t ing Innova t ions","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000059","url":null,"abstract":", and","PeriodicalId":186241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116362869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000060
WK Jung
Influenza A virus is one of the most serious diseases in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find an effective and safe method to prevent the spread of the disease. A far-UVC at 222nm is considered safe and effective for viral and bacterial treatment. In this study, virucidal effects and the safety status of far-UVC microplasma were evaluated in vitro against influenza A virus H9N2 0130 strain. The results (from TCID 50 and real-time PCR) indicated that a far-UVC inhibited influenza A virus depending on dosage. A far-UVC eliminated 99.99% of the virus at doses of 44 and 56 mJ/cm 2 in clarified and un-clarified solutions, respectively. Moreover, a far-UVC 222 nm did not have any harmful effects in MDCK cell at dose 78 mJ/cm 2 . Our study provided useful information in a far-UVC application against influenza A virus.
{"title":"Investigation of Antiviral Effect of Far-UVC Microplasma Lamp against Influenza A Virus (H9N2)","authors":"WK Jung","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000060","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza A virus is one of the most serious diseases in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find an effective and safe method to prevent the spread of the disease. A far-UVC at 222nm is considered safe and effective for viral and bacterial treatment. In this study, virucidal effects and the safety status of far-UVC microplasma were evaluated in vitro against influenza A virus H9N2 0130 strain. The results (from TCID 50 and real-time PCR) indicated that a far-UVC inhibited influenza A virus depending on dosage. A far-UVC eliminated 99.99% of the virus at doses of 44 and 56 mJ/cm 2 in clarified and un-clarified solutions, respectively. Moreover, a far-UVC 222 nm did not have any harmful effects in MDCK cell at dose 78 mJ/cm 2 . Our study provided useful information in a far-UVC application against influenza A virus.","PeriodicalId":186241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123322427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.13188/2325-4645.1000057
TJ Acosta
{"title":"Changes in Lactate Levels and Blood Cell Composition in Hokkaido Native Horses after exercise Simulating Yabusame (Traditional Japanese Mounted Archery)","authors":"TJ Acosta","doi":"10.13188/2325-4645.1000057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2325-4645.1000057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":186241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125206081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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