Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070201
M. Dey, M. L. Hossain, Most. Nazma Parvin
Background: Thevetia peruviana, a common plant of Apocynaceae family has been used as Ayurvedic herbal medicine to treat hemorrhoids, hair loss, arthritis, and dysentery. The bark and leaf decoction has been used to loosen the bowels, as an emetic, and is said to be an effective curative agent for intermittent fevers. Aim of the study: The present study was an attempt to investigate the phytochemical constituents and to explore the antinociceptive activity of ethanol extract of the bark of Thevetia peruviana which is growing in Bangladesh. Methodology: The antinociceptive activity of ethanol extract of T. peruviana was evaluated by heat-induced (hot plate, tail immersion test) and chemical-induced (acetic acid induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception) pain models using Swiss albino mice as experimental animal. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical screenings revealed that the extract contained alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids. For acetic acid-induced writhing test, the sample showed highest inhibition of writhing (40.04%) at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, whereas standard drug (Diclofenac sodium) showed 65.6% writhing inhibition. In formalin-induced nociception, extract of T. peruviana exhibited dose-dependent antinociceptive activity. On the other hand, ethanol extract of T. peruviana bark showed significant effect (p<0.05) in hot plate and tail immersion test in various phases. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of T. peruviana bark showed significant antinociceptive activity via multifactorial mechanism of action, indicating that the extract may be useful in the development of new analgesic drugs.
{"title":"In vivo Assessment of the Antinociceptive Activity of Ethanol Bark Extract of Thevetia peruviana (Family: Apocynaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"M. Dey, M. L. Hossain, Most. Nazma Parvin","doi":"10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070201","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Thevetia peruviana, a common plant of Apocynaceae family has been used as Ayurvedic herbal medicine to treat hemorrhoids, hair loss, arthritis, and dysentery. The bark and leaf decoction has been used to loosen the bowels, as an emetic, and is said to be an effective curative agent for intermittent fevers. Aim of the study: The present study was an attempt to investigate the phytochemical constituents and to explore the antinociceptive activity of ethanol extract of the bark of Thevetia peruviana which is growing in Bangladesh. Methodology: The antinociceptive activity of ethanol extract of T. peruviana was evaluated by heat-induced (hot plate, tail immersion test) and chemical-induced (acetic acid induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception) pain models using Swiss albino mice as experimental animal. Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical screenings revealed that the extract contained alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids. For acetic acid-induced writhing test, the sample showed highest inhibition of writhing (40.04%) at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, whereas standard drug (Diclofenac sodium) showed 65.6% writhing inhibition. In formalin-induced nociception, extract of T. peruviana exhibited dose-dependent antinociceptive activity. On the other hand, ethanol extract of T. peruviana bark showed significant effect (p<0.05) in hot plate and tail immersion test in various phases. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of T. peruviana bark showed significant antinociceptive activity via multifactorial mechanism of action, indicating that the extract may be useful in the development of new analgesic drugs.","PeriodicalId":188076,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science","volume":" 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113950630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070101
A. L. Abiola, Aiyelero Oyeronke Medinat, Olawuni Idowu Julius, O. Emmanuel, O. Gbola
Objective: We investigated the anti-amnesic and cognitive enhancing effects of the ethanol leaf extract of Milicia excelsa in mice. Methodology: Amnesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) in Morris Water Maze; scopolamine (1mg/kg) on Y-maze test; scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) and diazepam (1mg/kg) on elevated plus maze. The effect of the extract on learning and memory of young and aged mice was also investigated on the elevated plus maze. The probable mechanism of cognitive enhancing effects of the extract was investigated using acetylcholinesterase enzyme and nitric oxide assays. Results: The extract significantly (p<0.05) attenuated amnesia induced by scopolamine in Morris water maze; reversed amnesia induced by scopolamine and diazepam on elevated plus maze; increased spontaneous alternation behaviour without modifying locomotor activities on Y-maze test; inhibited natural age-induced learning and memory impairment of aged mice while the learning and memory of young mice were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced on elevated plus maze. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) reduced acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and increased nitric oxide concentration in the mice whole brain. Conclusion: This study, therefore, concluded that ethanol leaf extract of Milicia excelsa may possess anti-amnesic and memory enhancing effects which may involve cholinergic and nitergic pathways.
{"title":"Anti-amnesic and Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Milicia Excelsa (Moraceae) in Mice","authors":"A. L. Abiola, Aiyelero Oyeronke Medinat, Olawuni Idowu Julius, O. Emmanuel, O. Gbola","doi":"10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IJNBS.2019.070101","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: We investigated the anti-amnesic and cognitive enhancing effects of the ethanol leaf extract of Milicia excelsa in mice. Methodology: Amnesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) in Morris Water Maze; scopolamine (1mg/kg) on Y-maze test; scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) and diazepam (1mg/kg) on elevated plus maze. The effect of the extract on learning and memory of young and aged mice was also investigated on the elevated plus maze. The probable mechanism of cognitive enhancing effects of the extract was investigated using acetylcholinesterase enzyme and nitric oxide assays. Results: The extract significantly (p<0.05) attenuated amnesia induced by scopolamine in Morris water maze; reversed amnesia induced by scopolamine and diazepam on elevated plus maze; increased spontaneous alternation behaviour without modifying locomotor activities on Y-maze test; inhibited natural age-induced learning and memory impairment of aged mice while the learning and memory of young mice were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced on elevated plus maze. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) reduced acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and increased nitric oxide concentration in the mice whole brain. Conclusion: This study, therefore, concluded that ethanol leaf extract of Milicia excelsa may possess anti-amnesic and memory enhancing effects which may involve cholinergic and nitergic pathways.","PeriodicalId":188076,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131196406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060301
N. Chaitra, P. Vijaya
Functional connectivity gives the statistical association or dependence between two or more distinct time series. Quantification of functional connectivity is normally done using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which measures the degree of co-activation of two different brain regions. But the brain does not function merely on pairwise relations. Brain functioning is based on interrelationships between several functional units simultaneously. Partial correlation is one such measure which considers these interrelationships. It quantifies the correlation between two distinct time series, but also removes the confound of the other correlations. This paper compares these two measures using functional magnetic resonance images in a machine-learning framework. Connectivity analysis and classification of autistic individuals from control population was done using these two measures. Classification accuracies were compared, with the conclusion that the measure which results in statistically significant accuracy has better predictive ability, and is better suited for fMRI functional connectivity modelling. It was experimentally found that Pearson's correlation coefficient gave better classification accuracy of around 2% than partial correlation measure.
{"title":"Machine Learning Based Comparison of Pearson's and Partial Correlation Measures to Quantify Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain","authors":"N. Chaitra, P. Vijaya","doi":"10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060301","url":null,"abstract":"Functional connectivity gives the statistical association or dependence between two or more distinct time series. Quantification of functional connectivity is normally done using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which measures the degree of co-activation of two different brain regions. But the brain does not function merely on pairwise relations. Brain functioning is based on interrelationships between several functional units simultaneously. Partial correlation is one such measure which considers these interrelationships. It quantifies the correlation between two distinct time series, but also removes the confound of the other correlations. This paper compares these two measures using functional magnetic resonance images in a machine-learning framework. Connectivity analysis and classification of autistic individuals from control population was done using these two measures. Classification accuracies were compared, with the conclusion that the measure which results in statistically significant accuracy has better predictive ability, and is better suited for fMRI functional connectivity modelling. It was experimentally found that Pearson's correlation coefficient gave better classification accuracy of around 2% than partial correlation measure.","PeriodicalId":188076,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127474888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060302
Ankita Vayalapalli, Amoolya Vayalapalli
This paper analyzes the role of emotion regulation in patients diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Although there are various types of emotion regulation, this paper studies cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression specifically because of their prevalence and imperative role in the behavioral aftermath of emotion. Cognitive reappraisal is studied as an antecedent-focused strategy to control and modify the meaning of a situation, whereas expressive suppression is analyzed as a response-focused strategy that alters behaviors associated with situations that elicit emotion. Patients diagnosed with GAD use emotion regulation as both a defensive strategy and a coping mechanism. Through this understanding, the role of Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) in conjunction with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is depicted. Emotion Regulation Therapy is also proposed as an alternative to CBT because of its ability to cater specifically to individuals with anxiety disorders. This paper studies the implications of the usage of emotion regulation both as a coping mechanism that is self-employed and therapeutically used by health professionals.
{"title":"Analysis of the Role and Process of Emotion Regulation in Relation with Generalized Anxiety Disorder","authors":"Ankita Vayalapalli, Amoolya Vayalapalli","doi":"10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/ijnbs.2018.060302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the role of emotion regulation in patients diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Although there are various types of emotion regulation, this paper studies cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression specifically because of their prevalence and imperative role in the behavioral aftermath of emotion. Cognitive reappraisal is studied as an antecedent-focused strategy to control and modify the meaning of a situation, whereas expressive suppression is analyzed as a response-focused strategy that alters behaviors associated with situations that elicit emotion. Patients diagnosed with GAD use emotion regulation as both a defensive strategy and a coping mechanism. Through this understanding, the role of Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT) in conjunction with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is depicted. Emotion Regulation Therapy is also proposed as an alternative to CBT because of its ability to cater specifically to individuals with anxiety disorders. This paper studies the implications of the usage of emotion regulation both as a coping mechanism that is self-employed and therapeutically used by health professionals.","PeriodicalId":188076,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116275910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.13189/IJNBS.2014.020102
Carmen Schmitz-Feldhaus, M. Wittrock
Many children show a behavior, with regards to certain values or belief systems, in specific social situations, in specific social institutions that are labeled as "inappropriate". These youth are the focus of our concept. Our aim is to figure out whether the reason for the inadequate attitude towards social interactions might have to do with certain aspects we summarize in the construct of Behavioral Literacy. These factors include normative frames of social situations and social institutions, skills to act properly in those situations, the ability to perform a transfer, or the motivation to "fit in". We need to learn more about the background of the inappropriate behavior of children and adolescents in specific social situations to help them to succeed in an inclusive setting. In order to get this information, we started a project called "Behavioral Literacy". It is our understanding that the phenomenon "Behavioral Literacy" has to do with multidimensional factors such as rules, norms, situations, behavior of oneself and of others, and of the frames those factors are related to. Till now there have been several pilot and explorative studies. The first results indicate that some children and juveniles simply don't know about the demands of specific social situations and/ or social institutions. We need more knowledge driven by research results and we plan to expand our efforts. All over the world, adolescents with severe problems behave or act behaviorally literate in social situations. In this article we will describe in detail our preliminary theoretical framework of the concept "behavioral literacy". Before we conceptualize further studies we would like to share our great interest in this topic with colleagues in different countries.
{"title":"Behavioral Literacy – A Theoretical Approach","authors":"Carmen Schmitz-Feldhaus, M. Wittrock","doi":"10.13189/IJNBS.2014.020102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IJNBS.2014.020102","url":null,"abstract":"Many children show a behavior, with regards to certain values or belief systems, in specific social situations, in specific social institutions that are labeled as \"inappropriate\". These youth are the focus of our concept. Our aim is to figure out whether the reason for the inadequate attitude towards social interactions might have to do with certain aspects we summarize in the construct of Behavioral Literacy. These factors include normative frames of social situations and social institutions, skills to act properly in those situations, the ability to perform a transfer, or the motivation to \"fit in\". We need to learn more about the background of the inappropriate behavior of children and adolescents in specific social situations to help them to succeed in an inclusive setting. In order to get this information, we started a project called \"Behavioral Literacy\". It is our understanding that the phenomenon \"Behavioral Literacy\" has to do with multidimensional factors such as rules, norms, situations, behavior of oneself and of others, and of the frames those factors are related to. Till now there have been several pilot and explorative studies. The first results indicate that some children and juveniles simply don't know about the demands of specific social situations and/ or social institutions. We need more knowledge driven by research results and we plan to expand our efforts. All over the world, adolescents with severe problems behave or act behaviorally literate in social situations. In this article we will describe in detail our preliminary theoretical framework of the concept \"behavioral literacy\". Before we conceptualize further studies we would like to share our great interest in this topic with colleagues in different countries.","PeriodicalId":188076,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129113880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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