Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002
B. Levack
The first part of this chapter deals with the theory of trust, explaining why it is more of an emotion than a rational calculation, evaluating to what extent it may be considered a moral, civic, or social virtue, and assessing the loss of freedom, the risks, and the vulnerability it entails. It also distinguishes between personal and institutional trust while at the same time illustrating the rhetorical connections between them. The second part of the chapter traces the gradual emergence of institutional distrust in England prior to 1660. There were early indications of this distrust in the sixteenth century, and they became explicit during the reign of Charles I (1625–49). The centerpiece of this section is a narrative of the growth of political distrust in the years leading up to and including the revolution of the 1640s. That section also deals briefly with the growth of distrust in legal, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions, but mainly as those concerns related to the expression of political distrust.
{"title":"Trust, Distrust, and History","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter deals with the theory of trust, explaining why it is more of an emotion than a rational calculation, evaluating to what extent it may be considered a moral, civic, or social virtue, and assessing the loss of freedom, the risks, and the vulnerability it entails. It also distinguishes between personal and institutional trust while at the same time illustrating the rhetorical connections between them. The second part of the chapter traces the gradual emergence of institutional distrust in England prior to 1660. There were early indications of this distrust in the sixteenth century, and they became explicit during the reign of Charles I (1625–49). The centerpiece of this section is a narrative of the growth of political distrust in the years leading up to and including the revolution of the 1640s. That section also deals briefly with the growth of distrust in legal, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions, but mainly as those concerns related to the expression of political distrust.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007
B. Levack
This chapter explores the crisis of trust in British and American political, legal, financial, and ecclesiastical institutions during the past fifty years. It compares the loss of institutional trust in the early modern period with that of the recent past, recognizing the much larger number and greater complexity of present-day political, legal, financial, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions. It deals with the growing distrust of state and municipal as well as national institutions, the movement for jury nullification, the Bernie Madoff scandal, the widespread loss of confidence in American corporations, and the defection of Christians from mainstream churches. It also discusses the unprecedented distrust of the news media, which had no parallel in the early modern period. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Trump administration’s distrust of fact-based knowledge, especially science, and its broader war on truth itself, which the eighteenth-century philosophers considered the main criterion for trusting other people.
{"title":"The Crisis of Institutional Trust, 1970–2020","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the crisis of trust in British and American political, legal, financial, and ecclesiastical institutions during the past fifty years. It compares the loss of institutional trust in the early modern period with that of the recent past, recognizing the much larger number and greater complexity of present-day political, legal, financial, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions. It deals with the growing distrust of state and municipal as well as national institutions, the movement for jury nullification, the Bernie Madoff scandal, the widespread loss of confidence in American corporations, and the defection of Christians from mainstream churches. It also discusses the unprecedented distrust of the news media, which had no parallel in the early modern period. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Trump administration’s distrust of fact-based knowledge, especially science, and its broader war on truth itself, which the eighteenth-century philosophers considered the main criterion for trusting other people.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114422962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006
B. Levack
This chapter deals with two separate developments that caused a loss of trust in established churches in England, Scotland, and America. The first was the long tradition of anticlericalism, which played a pivotal role in England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and again in the growth of Puritan distrust of the English Church during the archiepiscopate of Archbishop William Laud in the 1630s, leading to the abolition of episcopacy in 1646. After the reestablishment of the Church in 1661, the persecution of Protestant dissenters sowed deep mutual distrust between them and the Church, which a limited grant of toleration in 1689 only partially remedied. The same was true in Scotland, where a reluctant toleration of Episcopalian dissenters in 1712 did little to restore trust in the Presbyterian Church established in 1690. In America, distrust of established churches in some of the colonies led to the separation of church and state in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the disestablishment of all churches in the individual states by 1818.
{"title":"Distrust of Ecclesiastical Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with two separate developments that caused a loss of trust in established churches in England, Scotland, and America. The first was the long tradition of anticlericalism, which played a pivotal role in England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and again in the growth of Puritan distrust of the English Church during the archiepiscopate of Archbishop William Laud in the 1630s, leading to the abolition of episcopacy in 1646. After the reestablishment of the Church in 1661, the persecution of Protestant dissenters sowed deep mutual distrust between them and the Church, which a limited grant of toleration in 1689 only partially remedied. The same was true in Scotland, where a reluctant toleration of Episcopalian dissenters in 1712 did little to restore trust in the Presbyterian Church established in 1690. In America, distrust of established churches in some of the colonies led to the separation of church and state in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the disestablishment of all churches in the individual states by 1818.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121828900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004
B. Levack
A lack of confidence in English law courts first arose in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in response to the corruption of justice in outlying regions of the country. Reforms undertaken by the governments of Henry VII and Henry VIII helped to restore trust in the legal process, but distrust arose once again during the personal rule of Charles I and among law reformers in the 1640s and 1650s. Distrust of English law courts reached a peak in the late seventeenth century in reaction to the coercion of juries and the violation of defendants’ rights in trials of Whigs and religious dissenters. Other sources of judicial distrust in late seventeenth-century England and the early American republic were the procedures in treason trials, which resulted in the unfair prosecution of opponents of the government. The harshness and unfairness of punishments for all crimes also eroded faith in the entire criminal justice system in both Britain and America during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
{"title":"Distrust of Legal Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"A lack of confidence in English law courts first arose in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in response to the corruption of justice in outlying regions of the country. Reforms undertaken by the governments of Henry VII and Henry VIII helped to restore trust in the legal process, but distrust arose once again during the personal rule of Charles I and among law reformers in the 1640s and 1650s. Distrust of English law courts reached a peak in the late seventeenth century in reaction to the coercion of juries and the violation of defendants’ rights in trials of Whigs and religious dissenters. Other sources of judicial distrust in late seventeenth-century England and the early American republic were the procedures in treason trials, which resulted in the unfair prosecution of opponents of the government. The harshness and unfairness of punishments for all crimes also eroded faith in the entire criminal justice system in both Britain and America during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126345447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008
Brian P. Levack
The Conclusion identifies four themes that link the loss of trust in early modern British and American institutions with the corresponding loss of trust in British and American institutions in the past fifty years. These themes are the abuse of power, corruption, ideology, and anti- elite sentiment. Resentment of elites is related to the growth of inequality and the loss of community in the United States in recent times. The Conclusion identifies periods in the history of both Britain and the United States when the government adopted policies that were fair, transparent, and efficient, and therefore fostered trust rather than distrust.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Brian P. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion identifies four themes that link the loss of trust in early modern British and American institutions with the corresponding loss of trust in British and American institutions in the past fifty years. These themes are the abuse of power, corruption, ideology, and anti- elite sentiment. Resentment of elites is related to the growth of inequality and the loss of community in the United States in recent times. The Conclusion identifies periods in the history of both Britain and the United States when the government adopted policies that were fair, transparent, and efficient, and therefore fostered trust rather than distrust.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131627799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005
B. Levack
Distrust of the Bank of England, the stock market, and the large companies engaged in overseas trade reached a peak in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. Distrust of national banks later became a recurrent source of distrust in the United States, which led to the failure of the first two such banks and prevented a third from being established until 1913. Distrust of the system of taxation in Britain focused mainly on excise taxes, which the government was in large part successful in managing by the middle of the eighteenth century, whereas excise taxes, direct taxes, and customs duties levied on American colonists became a major source of colonial distrust of the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. This chapter also deals with the formation of legal trusts, which are transfers of property from one party to another, who holds the property “in trust” for a beneficiary. The main source of distrust of this system in early modern England came from the royal government itself when landed families used trusts to avoid paying taxes in the 1530s.
{"title":"Distrust of Financial and Commercial Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Distrust of the Bank of England, the stock market, and the large companies engaged in overseas trade reached a peak in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. Distrust of national banks later became a recurrent source of distrust in the United States, which led to the failure of the first two such banks and prevented a third from being established until 1913. Distrust of the system of taxation in Britain focused mainly on excise taxes, which the government was in large part successful in managing by the middle of the eighteenth century, whereas excise taxes, direct taxes, and customs duties levied on American colonists became a major source of colonial distrust of the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. This chapter also deals with the formation of legal trusts, which are transfers of property from one party to another, who holds the property “in trust” for a beneficiary. The main source of distrust of this system in early modern England came from the royal government itself when landed families used trusts to avoid paying taxes in the 1530s.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114070185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003
B. Levack
The chapter begins with a discussion of the political philosophy of Locke, who claimed that all government is, or at least should be, based on trust. Locke’s theory originated in response to the policies of the governments of Charles II and James II, which Locke claimed violated the trust that the people had placed in the executive and the legislature. Locke’s argument provided a foundation for the opposition of the Commonwealthmen to the establishment Whig ministries of the early eighteenth century and colonial American opposition to the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. The concluding section in this chapter deals with efforts to promote mutual trust between the federal government and the states in drafting the United States Constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.
{"title":"John Locke and Trust in Government","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter begins with a discussion of the political philosophy of Locke, who claimed that all government is, or at least should be, based on trust. Locke’s theory originated in response to the policies of the governments of Charles II and James II, which Locke claimed violated the trust that the people had placed in the executive and the legislature. Locke’s argument provided a foundation for the opposition of the Commonwealthmen to the establishment Whig ministries of the early eighteenth century and colonial American opposition to the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. The concluding section in this chapter deals with efforts to promote mutual trust between the federal government and the states in drafting the United States Constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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