Pub Date : 2020-05-07DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90916
M. Keetile
The safe male circumcision program has been running for about 10 years now, in Botswana. This chapter uses data derived from the two Botswana AIDS Impact Surveys (BAIS III and IV) conducted in 2008 and 2013, the period before and after the implementation of the SMC program to assess the background, patterns, and correlates of safe male circumcision. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. Overall, 785 (12.5%) and 956 (25.2%) men reported to have been circumcised in 2008 and 2013, respectively. Elderly men aged 55–64 years were more likely to have been circumcised than men aged 10–24 years (APR = 3.40, CI = 2.00–5.76 in 2008 and APR = 3.63, CI = 2.36–5.57 in 2013). Men with primary or low and secondary education and those who reside in rural villages (APR = 0.70, CI = 0.54–0.89 in 2008; APR = 0.71, CI = 0.58–0.86 in 2013) were less likely to have been circumcised compared to men who resided in cities and towns. The odds of circumcision were also significantly low among never married (APR = 0.43, CI = 0.24–0.76) and cohabiting (APR = 0.45, CI = 0.26–0.80) men than once-married men in 2008. In 2013, the odds of circumcision were significantly low among married men (APR = 0.93, CI = 0.47–1.82). Understanding the background, patterns, and correlates of safe male circumcision is essential for programming and assessment of the effectiveness of the program.
在博茨瓦纳，安全的男性包皮环切术项目已经运行了大约10年。本章使用2008年和2013年(SMC计划实施前后)进行的两次博茨瓦纳艾滋病影响调查(BAIS III和BAIS IV)的数据来评估安全男性包皮环切术的背景、模式和相关性。数据分析采用多元逻辑回归模型。总体而言，2008年和2013年分别有785名(12.5%)和956名(25.2%)男性接受过包皮环切手术。55 ~ 64岁的老年男性比10 ~ 24岁的男性更容易行包皮环切术(2008年APR = 3.40, CI = 2.00 ~ 5.76, 2013年APR = 3.63, CI = 2.36 ~ 5.57)。2008年接受过小学或初中教育的男性和居住在农村的男性(APR = 0.70, CI = 0.54-0.89);APR = 0.71, CI = 0.58-0.86(2013年))与居住在城镇的男性相比，接受包皮环切术的可能性更低。2008年，未婚男性(APR = 0.43, CI = 0.24-0.76)和同居男性(APR = 0.45, CI = 0.26-0.80)做包皮环切手术的几率也明显低于已婚男性。2013年，已婚男性包皮环切手术的几率明显较低(APR = 0.93, CI = 0.47-1.82)。了解安全男性包皮环切术的背景、模式和相关因素对于规划和评估该计划的有效性至关重要。
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Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89129
Reem Aldamanhori
Circumcision is by far the most common procedure done in hospitals of Muslim countries. Many research data have proven its benefits in protecting against numerous sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, and penile cancer in the patients and cervical cancer in partners. The procedure is quite safe, with a low overall complication rate. Most of the adverse events of circumcision are minor and can be managed conservatively. In some areas where circumcision is performed by an inexperienced individual, or are done in a non-sterile environment, or using the wrong equipment, complications requiring expert intervention are seen. Devastating results range from simple self-limiting swelling and superficial infection to the dreadful amputation to the glans or the whole phallus, necessitating an expert in reconstruction. Circumcision is a simple surgical procedure with minimal adverse events when done by competent trained medical personnel, in a well-controlled sterile environment, using the appropriate equipment.
{"title":"Rare Yet Devastating Complications of Circumcision","authors":"Reem Aldamanhori","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89129","url":null,"abstract":"Circumcision is by far the most common procedure done in hospitals of Muslim countries. Many research data have proven its benefits in protecting against numerous sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, and penile cancer in the patients and cervical cancer in partners. The procedure is quite safe, with a low overall complication rate. Most of the adverse events of circumcision are minor and can be managed conservatively. In some areas where circumcision is performed by an inexperienced individual, or are done in a non-sterile environment, or using the wrong equipment, complications requiring expert intervention are seen. Devastating results range from simple self-limiting swelling and superficial infection to the dreadful amputation to the glans or the whole phallus, necessitating an expert in reconstruction. Circumcision is a simple surgical procedure with minimal adverse events when done by competent trained medical personnel, in a well-controlled sterile environment, using the appropriate equipment.","PeriodicalId":188497,"journal":{"name":"Circumcision and the Community","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132200644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89437
Shazia Moosa, L. Samad
Male circumcision (MC), although a common and simple procedure, is not available to a majority of the population as a safe, sterile intervention. The con-vincing evidence of the protective role of circumcision towards the spread of STDs (particularly HIV) led to the establishment of voluntary, adult male circumcision programmes in high-HIV-burden countries. In low- and middle-income Muslim countries, where the need for circumcision is high, there is an evident gap in access to, and delivery of, this procedure. Large-scale programmes aimed at circumcising male babies in settings where circumcision is a religious requirement, as opposed to a medical indication, have not been established. This chapter would draw upon current guidelines and literature, review existing programmes that have attempted to establish community-based safe circumcision initiatives and discuss strategies for sustainable scale-up to meet this huge public health need. We believe it is important to translate existing clinical knowledge into a population-based healthcare intervention.
{"title":"Scaling Safe Circumcisions in Communities","authors":"Shazia Moosa, L. Samad","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89437","url":null,"abstract":"Male circumcision (MC), although a common and simple procedure, is not available to a majority of the population as a safe, sterile intervention. The con-vincing evidence of the protective role of circumcision towards the spread of STDs (particularly HIV) led to the establishment of voluntary, adult male circumcision programmes in high-HIV-burden countries. In low- and middle-income Muslim countries, where the need for circumcision is high, there is an evident gap in access to, and delivery of, this procedure. Large-scale programmes aimed at circumcising male babies in settings where circumcision is a religious requirement, as opposed to a medical indication, have not been established. This chapter would draw upon current guidelines and literature, review existing programmes that have attempted to establish community-based safe circumcision initiatives and discuss strategies for sustainable scale-up to meet this huge public health need. We believe it is important to translate existing clinical knowledge into a population-based healthcare intervention.","PeriodicalId":188497,"journal":{"name":"Circumcision and the Community","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133628632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-23DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86657
O. Birge, Aliye Nigar Serin
Scholars of Arabic use the word “îzâr,” which means defect, and the word “hafd,” which means reducing and shrinking to express circumcision. Besides these, the words tahûr and tahâre are also used to express circumcision. European languages use the common expression female genital mutilation or circumcision to refer to circumcision. However, observations of some female mummies in Egypt and the description of circumcision on ancient Egyptian wall paintings supports the opinion that this tradition dates back very long and that it has continued for many years. The historian Herodotus states that circumcision was practiced by the Phoenicians, Hittites, and Ethiopians. Information obtained shows that circumcision is also practiced in the tropical regions of Africa, the Philippines, and by the tribes of the Upper Amazon and the women of the Australian Arunta tribe. The tradition of female circumcision that is originally a concept of the religions of African tribes has been associated with the religion Islam even though there is no reference to female circumcision at all in the Quran. Female circumcision is a violation of human rights. There is no legal explanation or excuse for persecuting women at young ages with various agendas like religion (!), customs and tradition or health in an area that affects their entire lives. This violation of women’s rights can also be interpreted as a violation of children’s rights.
阿拉伯语学者用“ z r”这个词，意思是缺陷，“hafd”这个词，意思是减少和缩小，来表达割礼。除此之外，tah r和tah re也用来表示割礼。欧洲语言常用女性生殖器切割或割礼来指代割礼。然而，对埃及一些女性木乃伊的观察和古埃及壁画上对割礼的描述支持了这样的观点，即这一传统可以追溯到很久以前，并且已经持续了很多年。历史学家希罗多德指出，腓尼基人、赫梯人和埃塞俄比亚人都实行割礼。获得的信息表明，在非洲热带地区、菲律宾、上亚马逊部落和澳大利亚Arunta部落的妇女也实行割礼。女性割礼的传统最初是非洲部落宗教的一个概念，尽管《古兰经》中根本没有提到女性割礼，但它与伊斯兰教有关。女性割礼是对人权的侵犯。在影响妇女一生的领域，以宗教(!)、习俗和传统或健康等各种议程迫害年轻妇女，没有任何法律解释或借口。这种对妇女权利的侵犯也可以解释为对儿童权利的侵犯。
{"title":"The Relationship between Female Circumcision and the Religion","authors":"O. Birge, Aliye Nigar Serin","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86657","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars of Arabic use the word “îzâr,” which means defect, and the word “hafd,” which means reducing and shrinking to express circumcision. Besides these, the words tahûr and tahâre are also used to express circumcision. European languages use the common expression female genital mutilation or circumcision to refer to circumcision. However, observations of some female mummies in Egypt and the description of circumcision on ancient Egyptian wall paintings supports the opinion that this tradition dates back very long and that it has continued for many years. The historian Herodotus states that circumcision was practiced by the Phoenicians, Hittites, and Ethiopians. Information obtained shows that circumcision is also practiced in the tropical regions of Africa, the Philippines, and by the tribes of the Upper Amazon and the women of the Australian Arunta tribe. The tradition of female circumcision that is originally a concept of the religions of African tribes has been associated with the religion Islam even though there is no reference to female circumcision at all in the Quran. Female circumcision is a violation of human rights. There is no legal explanation or excuse for persecuting women at young ages with various agendas like religion (!), customs and tradition or health in an area that affects their entire lives. This violation of women’s rights can also be interpreted as a violation of children’s rights.","PeriodicalId":188497,"journal":{"name":"Circumcision and the Community","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125066666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89128
R. Mielke
Worldwide, male circumcision is done for religious or cultural reasons, and to a lesser degree for medical indications. Newborn male circumcision is associated with fewer genitourinary infections in younger males. In the current decade, a substantial body of research suggests that male circumcision is effective as a prophylactic measure against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The compelling HIV reductions in 3 African randomized control trials in circumcised men have prompted use of male circumcision as a key part of HIV prevention in developing nations. More recently, the use of male circumcision as a public health measure in developed nations is a topic of international discussion.
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