Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95834
Shiva Hayati Raad, Z. Atlasbaf
The integral equation (IE) method is one of the efficient approaches for solving electromagnetic problems, where dyadic Green’s function (DGF) plays an important role as the Kernel of the integrals. In general, a layered medium with planar, cylindrical, or spherical geometry can be used to model different biomedical media such as human skin, body, or head. Therefore, in this chapter, different approaches for the derivation of Green’s function for these structures will be introduced. Due to the recent great interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials, the chapter will also discuss the generalization of the technique to the same structures with interfaces made of isotropic and anisotropic surface impedances. To this end, general formulas for the dyadic Green’s function of the aforementioned structures are extracted based on the scattering superposition method by considering field and source points in the arbitrary locations. Apparently, by setting the surface conductivity of the interfaces equal to zero, the formulations will turn into the associated problem with dielectric boundaries. This section will also aid in the design of various biomedical devices such as sensors, cloaks, and spectrometers, with improved functionality. Finally, the Purcell factor of a dipole emitter in the presence of the layered structures will be discussed as another biomedical application of the formulation.
{"title":"Dyadic Green’s Function for Multilayered Planar, Cylindrical, and Spherical Structures with Impedance Boundary Condition","authors":"Shiva Hayati Raad, Z. Atlasbaf","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.95834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95834","url":null,"abstract":"The integral equation (IE) method is one of the efficient approaches for solving electromagnetic problems, where dyadic Green’s function (DGF) plays an important role as the Kernel of the integrals. In general, a layered medium with planar, cylindrical, or spherical geometry can be used to model different biomedical media such as human skin, body, or head. Therefore, in this chapter, different approaches for the derivation of Green’s function for these structures will be introduced. Due to the recent great interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials, the chapter will also discuss the generalization of the technique to the same structures with interfaces made of isotropic and anisotropic surface impedances. To this end, general formulas for the dyadic Green’s function of the aforementioned structures are extracted based on the scattering superposition method by considering field and source points in the arbitrary locations. Apparently, by setting the surface conductivity of the interfaces equal to zero, the formulations will turn into the associated problem with dielectric boundaries. This section will also aid in the design of various biomedical devices such as sensors, cloaks, and spectrometers, with improved functionality. Finally, the Purcell factor of a dipole emitter in the presence of the layered structures will be discussed as another biomedical application of the formulation.","PeriodicalId":190226,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124201863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99037
Sukhmander Singh, Ashish Tyagi, Bhavna Vidhani
The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter discusses the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in different media with the help of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic waves with low frequency are suitable for the communication in sea water and are illustrated with numerical examples. The underwater communication have been used for the oil (gas) field monitoring, underwater vehicles, coastline protection, oceanographic data collection, etc. The mathematical expression of penetration depth of electromagnetic waves is derived. The significance of penetration depth (skin depth) and loss angle are clarified with numerical examples. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with human tissue is also discussed. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric, the material takes a finite amount of time to polarize. The imaginary part of the permittivity is corresponds to the absorption length of radiation inside biological tissue. In the second part of the chapter, it has been shown that a high frequency wave can be generated through plasma under the presence of electron beam. The electron beam affects the oscillations of plasma and triggers the instability called as electron beam instability. In this section, we use magnetohydrodynamics theory to obtain the modified dispersion relation under the presence of electron beam with the help of the Poisson’s equation. The high frequency instability in plasma grow with the magnetic field, wave length, collision frequency and the beam density. The growth rate linearly increases with collision frequency of electrons but it is decreases with the drift velocity of electrons. The real frequency of the instability increases with magnetic field, azimuthal wave number and beam density. The real frequency is almost independent with the collision frequency of the electrons.
{"title":"Physics of Absorption and generation of Electromagnetic Radiation","authors":"Sukhmander Singh, Ashish Tyagi, Bhavna Vidhani","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99037","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter discusses the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in different media with the help of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic waves with low frequency are suitable for the communication in sea water and are illustrated with numerical examples. The underwater communication have been used for the oil (gas) field monitoring, underwater vehicles, coastline protection, oceanographic data collection, etc. The mathematical expression of penetration depth of electromagnetic waves is derived. The significance of penetration depth (skin depth) and loss angle are clarified with numerical examples. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with human tissue is also discussed. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric, the material takes a finite amount of time to polarize. The imaginary part of the permittivity is corresponds to the absorption length of radiation inside biological tissue. In the second part of the chapter, it has been shown that a high frequency wave can be generated through plasma under the presence of electron beam. The electron beam affects the oscillations of plasma and triggers the instability called as electron beam instability. In this section, we use magnetohydrodynamics theory to obtain the modified dispersion relation under the presence of electron beam with the help of the Poisson’s equation. The high frequency instability in plasma grow with the magnetic field, wave length, collision frequency and the beam density. The growth rate linearly increases with collision frequency of electrons but it is decreases with the drift velocity of electrons. The real frequency of the instability increases with magnetic field, azimuthal wave number and beam density. The real frequency is almost independent with the collision frequency of the electrons.","PeriodicalId":190226,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123956684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95447
Abdelhak Hafdallah, Mouna Abdelli
This chapter concerns the optimal control problem for an electromagnetic wave equation with a potential term depending on a real parameter and with missing initial conditions. By using both the average control notion introduced recently by E. Zuazua to control parameter depending systems and the no-regret method introduced for the optimal control of systems with missing data. The relaxation of averaged no-regret control by the averaged low-regret control sequence transforms the problem into a standard optimal control problem. We prove that the problem of average optimal control admits a unique averaged no-regret control that we characterize by means of optimality systems.
{"title":"Averaged No-Regret Control for an Electromagnetic Wave Equation Depending upon a Parameter with Incomplete Initial Conditions","authors":"Abdelhak Hafdallah, Mouna Abdelli","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95447","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter concerns the optimal control problem for an electromagnetic wave equation with a potential term depending on a real parameter and with missing initial conditions. By using both the average control notion introduced recently by E. Zuazua to control parameter depending systems and the no-regret method introduced for the optimal control of systems with missing data. The relaxation of averaged no-regret control by the averaged low-regret control sequence transforms the problem into a standard optimal control problem. We prove that the problem of average optimal control admits a unique averaged no-regret control that we characterize by means of optimality systems.","PeriodicalId":190226,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95787
Narges Kasiri
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is one of the latest product tracking technologies being utilized by retailers. Operations management improvements were among the first recognized applications of this technology earlier in the century. RFID applications in managing retail operations, such as inventory management and control, lead to significant benefits. However, RFID applications are not limited to operations management and go beyond the operations side to offer improvements in other areas in retail such as marketing and managing customers’ shopping experiences. In this research, we review the applications of RFID technology in retail since its introduction and how those applications have evolved over the last two decades to help retailers provide omnichannel services to their customers in the current market. We will demonstrate what strategic and tactical factors have helped retailers implement this technology and what factors have slowed down the process of adoption. We will also report on the latest status of the utilization of RFID in the retail sector.
{"title":"RFID Applications in Retail","authors":"Narges Kasiri","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95787","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is one of the latest product tracking technologies being utilized by retailers. Operations management improvements were among the first recognized applications of this technology earlier in the century. RFID applications in managing retail operations, such as inventory management and control, lead to significant benefits. However, RFID applications are not limited to operations management and go beyond the operations side to offer improvements in other areas in retail such as marketing and managing customers’ shopping experiences. In this research, we review the applications of RFID technology in retail since its introduction and how those applications have evolved over the last two decades to help retailers provide omnichannel services to their customers in the current market. We will demonstrate what strategic and tactical factors have helped retailers implement this technology and what factors have slowed down the process of adoption. We will also report on the latest status of the utilization of RFID in the retail sector.","PeriodicalId":190226,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114237762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94947
A. Pellicelli, E. Varese
The fashion industry is one of the main businesses in the global economy in terms of employment, investment, trade and revenue, and Italian companies are recognized worldwide as representative of cultural heritage, expertise and high-quality standards. The adoption of traceability technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFId), from the very early stage of the production chain, may help to obtain a more effective process as well as assure the origin of garments, a key aspect in the fashion industry. This chapter presents a case study of Oscalito, an Italian family business that has adopted RFId technology, joining tradition and innovation in its production. We adopt a qualitative case study methodology to explore this experience within its context. Oscalito applies RFId tags to each garment label to ensure complete traceability throughout the production chain for every single item (and not merely by lots), fine-tuned control over the production process, and timely and accurate shipment. Thanks to the application of RFId tags, the production chain is monitored and the Italian origin of the garments is guaranteed. This research has undoubtedly some limitations due to the applied method. Deeper studies are needed in order to check general fashion industry trends regarding the application of RFId technology.
{"title":"Tradition and Innovation in the Internationalization of Family Business: A Case Study from the Italian Fashion Industry","authors":"A. Pellicelli, E. Varese","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.94947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94947","url":null,"abstract":"The fashion industry is one of the main businesses in the global economy in terms of employment, investment, trade and revenue, and Italian companies are recognized worldwide as representative of cultural heritage, expertise and high-quality standards. The adoption of traceability technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFId), from the very early stage of the production chain, may help to obtain a more effective process as well as assure the origin of garments, a key aspect in the fashion industry. This chapter presents a case study of Oscalito, an Italian family business that has adopted RFId technology, joining tradition and innovation in its production. We adopt a qualitative case study methodology to explore this experience within its context. Oscalito applies RFId tags to each garment label to ensure complete traceability throughout the production chain for every single item (and not merely by lots), fine-tuned control over the production process, and timely and accurate shipment. Thanks to the application of RFId tags, the production chain is monitored and the Italian origin of the garments is guaranteed. This research has undoubtedly some limitations due to the applied method. Deeper studies are needed in order to check general fashion industry trends regarding the application of RFId technology.","PeriodicalId":190226,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129310549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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