Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91432
E. Ikpeazu
It is not just the case that matter affects the propagation of light — or more specifically electromagnetic (EM) radiation — it is also the case that light affects the matter through which it propagates. Conversely, this affects the propagation of light through the medium, but in a much more specific way; this effect is a function of the properties of both the material and the incident EM radiation. We will additionally discuss the effects of dispersion in confined (bounded) media, i.e., where the dispersion is a function of the arrangement of certain materials and unbounded media where EM radiation is free to propagate undisturbed. This will be important when we discuss the propagation electric field signals of such media as well.
{"title":"Fields in Dispersive Media","authors":"E. Ikpeazu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91432","url":null,"abstract":"It is not just the case that matter affects the propagation of light — or more specifically electromagnetic (EM) radiation — it is also the case that light affects the matter through which it propagates. Conversely, this affects the propagation of light through the medium, but in a much more specific way; this effect is a function of the properties of both the material and the incident EM radiation. We will additionally discuss the effects of dispersion in confined (bounded) media, i.e., where the dispersion is a function of the arrangement of certain materials and unbounded media where EM radiation is free to propagate undisturbed. This will be important when we discuss the propagation electric field signals of such media as well.","PeriodicalId":193215,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115646620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91369
S. Tamaki, S. Matsunaga, M. Kusakabe
A microscopic description for the partial DC conductivities in molten salts has been discussed by using a Langevin equation for the constituent ions. The memory function γ (t) can be written as in the form of a decaying function with time. In order to solve the mutual relation between the combined-velocity correlation functions Z σ (cid:1) (t) and the memory function γ (t) in a short time region, a new recursion method is proposed. Practical application is carried out for molten NaCl by using MD simulation. The fitted function is described by three kinds of Gaussian functions and their physical backgrounds are discussed. Also the electrical conductivity in aqueous solution of electrolyte has been obtained, based on a generalized Langevin equation for cation and anion in it. This treatment can connect and compare with the work of computer simulation. The obtained results for concentration dependence of electrical conductivity are given by a function of the square root of concentration. The electrophoretic effect and the relaxation one are also discussed.
{"title":"Electrical Conductivity of Molten Salts and Ionic Conduction in Electrolyte Solutions","authors":"S. Tamaki, S. Matsunaga, M. Kusakabe","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91369","url":null,"abstract":"A microscopic description for the partial DC conductivities in molten salts has been discussed by using a Langevin equation for the constituent ions. The memory function γ (t) can be written as in the form of a decaying function with time. In order to solve the mutual relation between the combined-velocity correlation functions Z σ (cid:1) (t) and the memory function γ (t) in a short time region, a new recursion method is proposed. Practical application is carried out for molten NaCl by using MD simulation. The fitted function is described by three kinds of Gaussian functions and their physical backgrounds are discussed. Also the electrical conductivity in aqueous solution of electrolyte has been obtained, based on a generalized Langevin equation for cation and anion in it. This treatment can connect and compare with the work of computer simulation. The obtained results for concentration dependence of electrical conductivity are given by a function of the square root of concentration. The electrophoretic effect and the relaxation one are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":193215,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123828290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-15DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89430
L. Chervinsky
The rapid technical development of human society on Earth leads to the pollution of its atmosphere and an increase in the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun and its main part—light and ultraviolet radiation. In order to properly protect and control the effects of electromagnetic radiation on the human body, it is necessary to know and understand the process of absorption and conversion of electromagnetic radiation falling on the surface of the body. The material contains the original results of experimental studies on electromagnetic radiation transmission through a sample of quasi-vital skin with pigs of different ages. The reliable results of the percentage ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiation of the optical spectrum that passes under the skin through the skin layer and the individual wool depending on the species and age of the animal are obtained. The results of the experiment showed that the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun affects the body of the animal through the skin, as well as inside the cylinders of separate wool. This new knowledge is important for biologists and applied engineers to monitor and control electromagnetic radiation for young and old animals with different wools.
{"title":"Study of the Electromagnetic Radiation on the Animal Body","authors":"L. Chervinsky","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89430","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid technical development of human society on Earth leads to the pollution of its atmosphere and an increase in the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun and its main part—light and ultraviolet radiation. In order to properly protect and control the effects of electromagnetic radiation on the human body, it is necessary to know and understand the process of absorption and conversion of electromagnetic radiation falling on the surface of the body. The material contains the original results of experimental studies on electromagnetic radiation transmission through a sample of quasi-vital skin with pigs of different ages. The reliable results of the percentage ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiation of the optical spectrum that passes under the skin through the skin layer and the individual wool depending on the species and age of the animal are obtained. The results of the experiment showed that the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun affects the body of the animal through the skin, as well as inside the cylinders of separate wool. This new knowledge is important for biologists and applied engineers to monitor and control electromagnetic radiation for young and old animals with different wools.","PeriodicalId":193215,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125965420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88989
W. G. Fano
The electric properties of the soils are very important for several sciences like telecommunications, electrical engineering, geophysics, and agriculture. There are semiempirical dielectric models for soils, which represent the real and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity as the function of the frequency. The measurement methods to obtain the dielectric properties of soils are described for different bands of frequencies from some kHz to several GHz. The parallel plate capacitors are widely used to measure dielectric properties. The transmission line method of a coaxial transmission line can be used in frequency domain and time domain. The time domain technique with transmission lines is usually called time-domain reflectometry (TDR), because it is based on the voltage measurement as a function of time of pulses. The frequency domain technique with transmission lines is based on the reflection coefficient measurement of the transmission line. The transmission line method is described with short load and open-circuit load because it is useful in obtaining the characteristic impedance and the electric permittivity of the media inside.
{"title":"The Electrical Properties of Soils with Their Applications to Agriculture, Geophysics, and Engineering","authors":"W. G. Fano","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88989","url":null,"abstract":"The electric properties of the soils are very important for several sciences like telecommunications, electrical engineering, geophysics, and agriculture. There are semiempirical dielectric models for soils, which represent the real and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity as the function of the frequency. The measurement methods to obtain the dielectric properties of soils are described for different bands of frequencies from some kHz to several GHz. The parallel plate capacitors are widely used to measure dielectric properties. The transmission line method of a coaxial transmission line can be used in frequency domain and time domain. The time domain technique with transmission lines is usually called time-domain reflectometry (TDR), because it is based on the voltage measurement as a function of time of pulses. The frequency domain technique with transmission lines is based on the reflection coefficient measurement of the transmission line. The transmission line method is described with short load and open-circuit load because it is useful in obtaining the characteristic impedance and the electric permittivity of the media inside.","PeriodicalId":193215,"journal":{"name":"Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134105399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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