Yohei Tanaka, Richard Parker, Amaryllis Aganahi, Ailen Pedroso
Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photo ageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. A possible solution could be to augment sunscreens with metal oxides which block visible light and near-infrared radiation. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of novel low viscosity sunscreen containing zinc and iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The Sunscreen base without zinc oxide and iron oxides (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared. The novel low viscosity zinc oxide sample blocked almost over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared sufficiently. However, the samples with the novel low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine blocked almost over 90% of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared. It can be concluded that this novel combination of low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine is effective at blocking ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be adopted to prevent skin photodamage.
{"title":"Novel Low Viscosity Zinc Oxide, Iron Oxides and Erioglaucine Sunscreen Potential to Protect from Ultraviolet, Visible Light and Near-Infrared Radiation","authors":"Yohei Tanaka, Richard Parker, Amaryllis Aganahi, Ailen Pedroso","doi":"10.4236/opj.2023.139020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2023.139020","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the widespread recommendation and use of sunscreens and ultraviolet blocking materials, solar-induced skin damage and photoageing continues to pose a problem to human health worldwide. We have previously reported that solar visible light and near-infrared also contribute to skin damage and photo ageing. Most commonly recommended sunscreens are only effective throughout the UV spectrum, offering no protection from visible light and near-infrared. A possible solution could be to augment sunscreens with metal oxides which block visible light and near-infrared radiation. To evaluate the enhanced solar-spectrum blocking ability of novel low viscosity sunscreen containing zinc and iron oxides, a double-beam spectrophotometer was used to optically measure the transmission spectra. The spectrophotometer deploys a unique, single monochromatic design to detect wavelength penetration in the range of 240 to 2600 nm. The Sunscreen base without zinc oxide and iron oxides (control) blocked over 80% of ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B but did not block ultraviolet-A, visible light, or near-infrared. The novel low viscosity zinc oxide sample blocked almost over 90% ultraviolet, but did not block visible light and near-infrared sufficiently. However, the samples with the novel low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine blocked almost over 90% of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared. It can be concluded that this novel combination of low viscosity zinc oxide, iron oxides and erioglaucine is effective at blocking ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. The results of this study imply that sunscreens that provide comprehensive photoprotection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared should be adopted to prevent skin photodamage.","PeriodicalId":19568,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Photonics Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present the design of a 285 GHz tripler realized by planar Schottky diode. The complete multiplying circuit and diodes is mounted on 50 um thick quartz substrate. The measured result shows that output power is achieved above 3.1 dBm in the range from 280 GHz to 290 GHz with a constantly 20 dBm driven power across the band. The peak power is 4 dBm in 285.6 GHz.
{"title":"A 285 GHz Tripler Using Planar Schottky Diode","authors":"Zhihui Wang","doi":"10.4236/opj.2023.138019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2023.138019","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the design of a 285 GHz tripler realized by planar Schottky diode. The complete multiplying circuit and diodes is mounted on 50 um thick quartz substrate. The measured result shows that output power is achieved above 3.1 dBm in the range from 280 GHz to 290 GHz with a constantly 20 dBm driven power across the band. The peak power is 4 dBm in 285.6 GHz.","PeriodicalId":19568,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Photonics Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135440816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the development of a highly efficient CT-PCF (Core-Tune Photonic Crystal Fiber) with substantial birefringence, tailored for applications in high-bit-rate communication and sensing while minimizing signal loss. The design incorporates a modified broadband dispersion compensating structure, optimized for operation across the E, S, C, and L communication bands within a wavelength range spanning 1360 nm to 1625 nm. Notably, the CT-PCF demonstrates a remarkable birefringence of 2.372 × 10-2 at 1550 nm, surpassing traditional PCF structures. Single-mode performance is evaluated using the Higher Order Mode Extinction Ratio (HOMER) method, revealing a peak HOMER value of 104 at 1550 nm. Furthermore, at 1550 nm, the CT-PCF exhibits exceptional nonlinear characteristics, featuring a high nonlinearity of 50.74 W-1⋅Km-1 for y polarization. In comparison to existing designs, the proposed CT-PCF exhibits superior performance metrics and optical characteristics. Additionally, the y polarization dispersion coefficient of the CT-PCF at 1550 nm is measured at -3534 ps/(nm⋅km). Overall, the CT-PCF represents a significant advancement, outperforming established systems in terms of performance metrics and optical properties.
{"title":"Design and Numerical Analysis of Ultra-High Negative Dispersion, Highly Birefringent Nonlinear Single Mode Core-Tune Photonic Crystal Fiber (CT-PCF) over Communication Bands","authors":"Amit Halder, Wahiduzzaman Emon, Md. Shamim Anower, Md. Riyad Tanshen, Md. Forkan, Md. Sharif Uddin Shajib","doi":"10.4236/opj.2023.1310021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2023.1310021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of a highly efficient CT-PCF (Core-Tune Photonic Crystal Fiber) with substantial birefringence, tailored for applications in high-bit-rate communication and sensing while minimizing signal loss. The design incorporates a modified broadband dispersion compensating structure, optimized for operation across the E, S, C, and L communication bands within a wavelength range spanning 1360 nm to 1625 nm. Notably, the CT-PCF demonstrates a remarkable birefringence of 2.372 × 10-2 at 1550 nm, surpassing traditional PCF structures. Single-mode performance is evaluated using the Higher Order Mode Extinction Ratio (HOMER) method, revealing a peak HOMER value of 104 at 1550 nm. Furthermore, at 1550 nm, the CT-PCF exhibits exceptional nonlinear characteristics, featuring a high nonlinearity of 50.74 W-1⋅Km-1 for y polarization. In comparison to existing designs, the proposed CT-PCF exhibits superior performance metrics and optical characteristics. Additionally, the y polarization dispersion coefficient of the CT-PCF at 1550 nm is measured at -3534 ps/(nm⋅km). Overall, the CT-PCF represents a significant advancement, outperforming established systems in terms of performance metrics and optical properties.","PeriodicalId":19568,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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