Megna James, David Lehmann, Vishal Anugu, Maggie Lynch
Risk-benefit analysis and management is a core responsibility of physicians during the process of formulating and implementing a comprehensive and effective treatment plan. This assumes particular importance when working with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are confronted with a 5% lifetime risk of completed suicide, as well as the risk of Torsades de Pointes (TdP), a lethal tachydysrhytmia, as a result of antipsychotic medication management. However, the actual risk of such an event, based upon recent epidemiologic data, is less than one-sixth that of completed suicide. Consequently, due consideration must be given to these data while constructing the medication component of a biopsychosocial treatment plan, as avoidance or under-prescribing of antipsychotics places an individual with schizophrenia at greater risk of completed suicide than that of TdP.
{"title":"A Rational Approach to Risk Management of Suicidality vs.\u0000Torsades de Pointes (TdP) in Relation to the Prescribing of\u0000Antipsychotic Medication","authors":"Megna James, David Lehmann, Vishal Anugu, Maggie Lynch","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.116","url":null,"abstract":"Risk-benefit analysis and management is a core responsibility of physicians during the process of formulating and implementing a comprehensive\u0000and effective treatment plan. This assumes particular importance when working with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are\u0000confronted with a 5% lifetime risk of completed suicide, as well as the risk of Torsades de Pointes (TdP), a lethal tachydysrhytmia, as a result of\u0000antipsychotic medication management. However, the actual risk of such an event, based upon recent epidemiologic data, is less than one-sixth\u0000that of completed suicide. Consequently, due consideration must be given to these data while constructing the medication component of a\u0000biopsychosocial treatment plan, as avoidance or under-prescribing of antipsychotics places an individual with schizophrenia at greater risk of\u0000completed suicide than that of TdP.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87409227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non-diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called Rich Man’s Disease live in low-and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.
{"title":"TRACK (by NEHEP) Implementation: A Bangladesh Scenario","authors":"Abdul Kader Mohiuddin","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.113","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non-diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called Rich Man’s Disease live in low-and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81227656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hailu Zeru, A. Gemechu, Tenaw Andualem, Hayat Seid, Fikadu Mengesha
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2018 to assess the awareness of veterinary drug retail outlets on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the availability of veterinary antimicrobials in these facilities. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a total of 108 retail outlets. The study revealed that there is a difficulty to treat infectious diseases of animals because of AMR which is reported by 70 (64.8%) of the respondents. 80.6% of the respondents believe that use of wrong antimicrobial is the possible cause of AMR and 79.6% use of counterfeit or poor quality antimicrobials, and 70.4% owners self-prescription of medicines for their animals. 59 (54.6%) of them also answered poor husbandry practices such as overcrowding, poor hygiene and sanitation, and poor feeding practice are the possible causes of AMR while 8 (7.4%) and 9 (8.3%) of the respondents do not know the reason for the AMR development and possible solutions for AMR containment, respectively. Only 24 (22.2%) of the dispensers have taken training on antimicrobial selection, use, resistance and resistance containment. Even though antimicrobials such as Oxytetracycline are available in around 90% of the retail outlets, only 70 (64.8%) of the retail outlets receive an average of 14 prescriptions (ranging from one to 200) per week from public and private clinics which shows a practice of antimicrobials dispensing without prescription. Therefore, strong mainstreaming strategies to prevent and control AMR should be developed and implemented. Antimicrobials prescription and dispensing practice should also be well regulated to avoid irrational prescription and dispensing practices.
{"title":"Awareness of Veterinary Drug Retail Outlets on Antimicrobial Resistance and its Containment Strategy in Ethiopia","authors":"Hailu Zeru, A. Gemechu, Tenaw Andualem, Hayat Seid, Fikadu Mengesha","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.111","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2018 to assess the awareness of veterinary drug retail outlets on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the availability of veterinary antimicrobials in these facilities. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a total of 108 retail outlets. The study revealed that there is a difficulty to treat infectious diseases of animals because of AMR which is reported by 70 (64.8%) of the respondents. 80.6% of the respondents believe that use of wrong antimicrobial is the possible cause of AMR and 79.6% use of counterfeit or poor quality antimicrobials, and 70.4% owners self-prescription of medicines for their animals. 59 (54.6%) of them also answered poor husbandry practices such as overcrowding, poor hygiene and sanitation, and poor feeding practice are the possible causes of AMR while 8 (7.4%) and 9 (8.3%) of the respondents do not know the reason for the AMR development and possible solutions for AMR containment, respectively. Only 24 (22.2%) of the dispensers have taken training on antimicrobial selection, use, resistance and resistance containment. Even though antimicrobials such as Oxytetracycline are available in around 90% of the retail outlets, only 70 (64.8%) of the retail outlets receive an average of 14 prescriptions (ranging from one to 200) per week from public and private clinics which shows a practice of antimicrobials dispensing without prescription. Therefore, strong mainstreaming strategies to prevent and control AMR should be developed and implemented. Antimicrobials prescription and dispensing practice should also be well regulated to avoid irrational prescription and dispensing practices.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74461080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan D. Francis, P. Bahado-Singh, A. Wheatley, A. Smith, H. Asemota
Background: Fruits, vegetables and legumes for their complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber and micronutrients, should form an essential part of every diet. In order to give good dietary advice to diabetic patients, it is necessary to know the glycemic index of foods commonly consumed locally. The objective of this study was to determine the Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) of commonly available and consumed Guava (Psidium guajava), Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), Gungo (Cajanus cajan), Papaya (Carica papaya) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Jamaica. Methods: Ten (10) healthy Jamaican subjects (5 males, 5 females) with mean age 30 ± 2 years and mean BMI 25 ± 1 kg/m2 were recruited to the study. Using a non-blind, crossover design trial, the subjects consumed 50 (or 25) grams of available carbohydrate portions of glucose (standard food) and test foods after an overnight fast and their serum glucose levels were determined at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the consumption of each test food. Glucose was tested on three separate occasions, and the test foods once. The GI value was calculated geometrically by expressing the Incremental Area Under the Blood Glucose Curve (IAUC) for the test foods as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC for the standard food. Results: The results indicated that the IAUC for Watermelon (95 ± 11) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of Tomato (37 ± 12), and Gungo (58 ± 13). The differences in IAUC of Watermelon (95 ± 11), Guava (83 ± 27) and Papaya (80 ± 7) were not statistically significant. Similarly, there was no significant difference in GI among the samples studied. Conclusion: Tomato, Gungo, Papaya Watermelon and Guava were shown to have low glycemic index and glycemic load values.
{"title":"Glycemic Index of Selected Foods in Jamaica","authors":"Ryan D. Francis, P. Bahado-Singh, A. Wheatley, A. Smith, H. Asemota","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.110","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fruits, vegetables and legumes for their complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber and micronutrients, should form an essential part of every diet. In order to give good dietary advice to diabetic patients, it is necessary to know the glycemic index of foods commonly consumed locally. The objective of this study was to determine the Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) of commonly available and consumed Guava (Psidium guajava), Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), Gungo (Cajanus cajan), Papaya (Carica papaya) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Jamaica.\u0000Methods: Ten (10) healthy Jamaican subjects (5 males, 5 females) with mean age 30 ± 2 years and mean BMI 25 ± 1 kg/m2 were recruited to the study. Using a non-blind, crossover design trial, the subjects consumed 50 (or 25) grams of available carbohydrate portions of glucose (standard food) and test foods after an overnight fast and their serum glucose levels were determined at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the consumption of each test food. Glucose was tested on three separate occasions, and the test foods once. The GI value was calculated geometrically by expressing the Incremental Area Under the Blood Glucose Curve (IAUC) for the test foods as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC for the standard food.\u0000Results: The results indicated that the IAUC for Watermelon (95 ± 11) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of Tomato (37 ± 12), and Gungo (58 ± 13). The differences in IAUC of Watermelon (95 ± 11), Guava (83 ± 27) and Papaya (80 ± 7) were not statistically significant. Similarly, there was no significant difference in GI among the samples studied. \u0000Conclusion: Tomato, Gungo, Papaya Watermelon and Guava were shown to have low glycemic index and glycemic load values.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82851832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stem cells have a great potential to divide and present in all multicellular organism throughout their life. It holds a wide range of applications in novel therapies for the cure of many diseases and injuries by using early embryonic cells as well as adult stem cells. In research, they provide the whole knowledge of how humans develop from a cell. Understanding the phenomena of stem cells we can use these cells for the specific purpose in treating diseases such as modeling disease, cell-based therapies or drug screening. Adult as well as embryonic stem cells collectively used to treat such problems for the benefits of society. The power of plasticity in adult stem cells has yet determined. Use of stem cells can carry various ethical impacts along with several applications.
{"title":"Role of Stem Cells in Health Science and Medicine","authors":"Rimsha Imam, A. Saeed, R. Iqbal","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.109","url":null,"abstract":"Stem cells have a great potential to divide and present in all multicellular organism throughout their life. It holds a wide range of applications in novel therapies for the cure of many diseases and injuries by using early embryonic cells as well as adult stem cells. In research, they provide the whole knowledge of how humans develop from a cell. Understanding the phenomena of stem cells we can use these cells for the specific purpose in treating diseases such as modeling disease, cell-based therapies or drug screening. Adult as well as embryonic stem cells collectively used to treat such problems for the benefits of society. The power of plasticity in adult stem cells has yet determined. Use of stem cells can carry various ethical impacts along with several applications.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79658415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816183-8.00003-2
S. Nour, G. Plourde
{"title":"Pharmacoepidemiology in the Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions","authors":"S. Nour, G. Plourde","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-816183-8.00003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816183-8.00003-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88113269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15003-6
{"title":"Food and Drug Act and Regulations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15003-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15003-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"272 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76423560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15004-8
{"title":"Resources for Readers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15004-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15004-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78158311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15002-4
{"title":"Glossary of Pharmacoepidemiology Terms","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15002-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816183-8.15002-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73164565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaempferol is a polyphenolic compound and are widely distributed in plants. It is used in the treatment of different disease conditions. With the endemic resistant parasites against most antitrypanosomal agents and the toxicity associated with diminazene aceturate, the search for safer and more effective alternative therapy of trypanosomosis becomes paramount. In this study the effect of treatment with kaempferol and diminazene aceturate on Hematological parameters in mice with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection was evaluated. Thirty six adult swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of six mice each. Mice in group I were untreated uninfected. Mice in group II were pre-treated with kaempferol (1 mg/kg) for 14 days. Mice in groups II to VI each were inoculated with blood containing Trypanosoma brucei brucei (106 trypanosomes/ml of blood/animal) intraperitoneally. Following establishment of the infection (four days post-inoculation), mice in group III were treated once with diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) I.P. Mice in group IV were treated with diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) once I.P, and then continued with kaempferol (1 mg/kg) for nine days.
{"title":"Effect of Kaempferol, Diminazene Aceturate and their Combination on Hematological Parameters in Trypanosoma","authors":"Muhammad, Jatau, Chiroma","doi":"10.33805/2638-8235.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33805/2638-8235.108","url":null,"abstract":"Kaempferol is a polyphenolic compound and are widely distributed in plants. It is used in the treatment of different disease conditions. With the endemic resistant parasites against most antitrypanosomal agents and the toxicity associated with diminazene aceturate, the search for safer and more effective alternative therapy of trypanosomosis becomes paramount. In this study the effect of treatment with kaempferol and diminazene aceturate on Hematological parameters in mice with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection was evaluated. Thirty six adult swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of six mice each. Mice in group I were untreated uninfected. Mice in group II were pre-treated with kaempferol (1 mg/kg) for 14 days. Mice in groups II to VI each were inoculated with blood containing Trypanosoma brucei brucei (106 trypanosomes/ml of blood/animal) intraperitoneally. Following establishment of the infection (four days post-inoculation), mice in group III were treated once with diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) I.P. Mice in group IV were treated with diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) once I.P, and then continued with kaempferol (1 mg/kg) for nine days.","PeriodicalId":19785,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82243136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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