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Boom, Echo, and Splinter Boom, Echo和Splinter
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0005
M. Healey
Buenos Aires began the twentieth century as a prosperous port drawing European immigrants to serve a booming export economy. It expanded outward from its core of urban power and prosperity through suburbanization, early on segregating slaughterhouse zones from sites of recreation for the comfortable. Mid-century industrialization drew workers to the peripheries—which became zones of labor politics and bases for active citizenship and Peronist power. Peronist economic and political power sustained an unequally shared prosperity past World War I. Then de-industrialization in times of population expansion accompanied by military dictatorship (1976-1983) and a new suburbanization to protect the wealthy brought the polarizing mix wealth and marginality, formality and informality faced earlier in other New World cities. Re-democratization failed to bring more shared prosperity—or an escape from repeated cycles of promise and crisis.
20世纪初,布宜诺斯艾利斯作为一个繁荣的港口吸引了欧洲移民,为蓬勃发展的出口经济服务。它通过郊区化从城市权力和繁荣的核心向外扩展,早期将屠宰场区与舒适的娱乐场所分开。世纪中叶的工业化将工人们吸引到了边缘地区,这些地区成为劳工政治的聚集地,以及积极公民身份和庇隆主义权力的基地。第一次世界大战结束后,庇隆主义的经济和政治力量维持了不平等的共享繁荣。随后,伴随着军事独裁(1976-1983)的人口扩张时期的去工业化,以及为保护富人而进行的新郊区化,带来了财富与边缘、正式与非正式的两极分化,这在其他新世界城市早期就面临过。再民主化没能带来更多的共同繁荣,也没能摆脱承诺与危机的反复循环。
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引用次数: 0
Montreal in the Twentieth Century 20世纪的蒙特利尔
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0006
M. Dagenais
Montreal began the twentieth century as Canada’s primary city, its major port with an emerging industrial sector, ruled by an Anglophone Protestant elite while populated by a Francophone Catholic majority—the two solitudes. Diverse European immigrant communities created a third solitude, producing a city of complex communities. Linguistic and educational segregations drew newcomers to difficult choices. The city juggled its diversity through the depression; World War II and early cold war times brought prosperity. The opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 ended Montreal’s primacy; Toronto rose to become Canada’s financial and industrial capital—while the Quiet Revolution for Francophone rights in Quebec propelled Montreal to become a more regional cultural capital. That movement helped Montreal protect key industries while immigrants from Asia, Latin America, and the Islamic world created new ethnic diversity. Urban processes mixing separations, aggregations, and integrations allowed Montreal to grow through urban sprawl and keep solid prosperity, fair distributions, and open opportunities, limiting marginalities.
20世纪初,蒙特利尔作为加拿大的主要城市,其主要港口和新兴的工业部门,由讲英语的新教徒精英统治,而以讲法语的天主教徒占多数-两个孤独。不同的欧洲移民社区创造了第三种孤独,产生了一个复杂社区的城市。语言和教育上的隔离使新来者面临艰难的选择。这座城市在大萧条时期保持着多样性;第二次世界大战和冷战初期带来了繁荣。1959年圣劳伦斯航道的开通结束了蒙特利尔的霸主地位;多伦多一跃成为加拿大的金融和工业中心,而魁北克为争取法语国家权利而进行的“安静革命”(Quiet Revolution)则推动蒙特利尔成为更具区域性的文化之都。这一运动帮助蒙特利尔保护了关键产业,而来自亚洲、拉丁美洲和伊斯兰世界的移民创造了新的种族多样性。混合分离、聚集和融合的城市进程使蒙特利尔能够在城市扩张中成长,并保持稳固的繁荣、公平的分配和开放的机会,限制边缘化。
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引用次数: 0
The Americas in the Twentieth-Century World 20世纪的美洲
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0002
John Tutino
Sets six new world cities—Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Montreal, Los Angeles, and Houston—in the context of their nations and a changing global economy. Details how distinct cities faced changing possibilities and limits on production, employment, and resources for urban infrastructure while populations soared everywhere. Concentrations of wealth and power came everywhere, too, while new marginalities led to informal and often illegal economic activities, along with violence that at times led to carceral regimes. Popular mobilizations often brought real gains—yet rarely transformed trajectories toward concentration and often served to stabilize enduring inequities.
设置六个新的世界城市-墨西哥城,里约热内卢,布宜诺斯艾利斯,蒙特利尔,洛杉矶和休斯顿-在他们的国家和不断变化的全球经济的背景下。详细描述了不同的城市在各地人口激增的情况下,如何在生产、就业和城市基础设施资源方面面临不断变化的可能性和限制。财富和权力的集中也无处不在,而新的边缘化导致了非正式的、往往是非法的经济活动,以及有时导致独裁政权的暴力。民众的动员常常带来真正的收益——但很少改变向集中发展的轨迹,而且常常起到稳定长期不平等的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Generations of Segregation 一代又一代的种族隔离
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0007
G. J. Sánchez
Los Angeles was built by immigrants from the U.S. South, Asia, and especially Mexico. After 1900 the city grew as a rail terminus, Pacific port, and tourist destination. It became a focus of film making and petroleum production, and developed booming defense industries during World War II and the Cold War. Marketed as the city of dreams, continuing immigration made it increasingly Mexican while Mexicans faced residential segregation that constrained educational chances, economic opportunities, and political participation. Fragmented urban administration allowed Realty Boards and County officials to limit Mexican-American (and African-American) citizenship despite national civil rights policies promoting integration and participation. When defense, energy, and other industries declined in the turn to globalization, African American (1973-93) and Mexican American (2005-13) mayors offered images of opening while enduring segregation constrained education, employment, and life opportunities for Mexican-Americans and African Americans. New immigrants from Mexico, Central America and beyond faced lives of marginality.
洛杉矶是由来自美国南部、亚洲,尤其是墨西哥的移民建造的。1900年后,这座城市发展成为铁路总站、太平洋港口和旅游目的地。它成为电影制作和石油生产的焦点,并在第二次世界大战和冷战期间发展了蓬勃发展的国防工业。作为梦想之城的宣传,持续的移民使它越来越墨西哥化,而墨西哥人则面临着限制教育机会、经济机会和政治参与的居住隔离。支离破碎的城市管理允许房地产委员会和县官员限制墨西哥裔美国人(和非裔美国人)的公民身份,尽管国家民权政策促进融合和参与。当国防、能源和其他行业因全球化而衰落时,非裔美国人(1973-93)和墨西哥裔美国人(2005-13)的市长们展现了开放的形象,而持久的种族隔离限制了墨西哥裔美国人和非洲裔美国人的教育、就业和生活机会。来自墨西哥、中美洲和其他地区的新移民面临着边缘化的生活。
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引用次数: 0
The Arc of Formality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro 20世纪里约热内卢的礼节之弧
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0004
B. Mccann
Rio de Janeiro began the twentieth century as capital of a nation that had ended slavery and monarchical rule only in 1888-89. In the new republic, coffee exports and early industrialization concentrated in São Paulo. Rio drew people recently out of slavery and/or escaping the struggling sugar economy of Northeast to irregular subdivisions and informal favelas. As the century moved forward, both the Vargas regime (1930-54, 1950-54) and the military dictatorship (1964-85) promoted formal urban development with land titles and services while the national capital and much of the bureaucracy moved to Brasilia after 1960 and Rio’s limited industrial base corroded. The urban population kept growing, driving a return of informal development as military rule ceded to re-democratization. Favelas, informal subdivisions, and social marginality spread again as criminal enterprises linked to the global drug economy brought limited prosperity and rising violence to the metropolis—contradictions that hosting the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics could not resolve.
在20世纪初,里约热内卢是一个在1888-89年才结束奴隶制和君主统治的国家的首都。在新成立的共和国,咖啡出口和早期工业化集中在圣保罗。里约最近吸引了一些人从奴隶制和(或)逃离苦苦挣扎的东北糖业经济,来到不规则的分区和非正式的贫民窟。随着20世纪的发展,巴尔加斯政权(1930- 54,1950 -54)和军事独裁政权(1964-85)都通过土地所有权和服务推动了正式的城市发展,而1960年后,国家首都和大部分官僚机构迁往巴西利亚,里约有限的工业基础受到侵蚀。随着军事统治让位给再民主化,城市人口持续增长,推动了非正式发展的回归。随着与全球毒品经济相关的犯罪企业给大都市带来有限的繁荣和不断上升的暴力,贫民窟、非正式的细分和社会边缘化再次蔓延——主办2014年世界杯和2016年奥运会无法解决的矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
Power, Marginality, and Participation in Mexico City, 1870–2000 墨西哥城的权力、边缘化和参与,1870-2000
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0003
John Tutino
Traces changing economic ways and political participations in the Mexican capital from the era of late nineteenth liberalism and emerging informalities, into times of revolution after 1910, through the post-revolutionary turn to national capitalism and the construction of an authoritarian regime. With industrial boom after 1940, neither employment or resources proved sufficient to formal development in a rapidly expanding city, leading to barrio-based informal urbanization, as people built their own homes and new neighbourhoods—and turned to neighbourhood mobilizations to make demands and preserve limited gains. With globalization under NAFTA from 1990s, de-industrialization spread marginality while population continued to grow. The democratization of 2000 brought few gains to people facing marginal and informal lives in a city still the national capital, a pivot of power serving globalization, and the largest metropolitan region in the Americas.
追溯墨西哥首都的经济方式和政治参与的变化,从19世纪末的自由主义和新兴的非正式主义时代,到1910年后的革命时代,通过革命后转向国家资本主义和专制政权的建设。随着1940年后的工业繁荣,在一个迅速扩张的城市中,就业和资源都不足以满足正式发展,导致了以区域为基础的非正式城市化,因为人们建造了自己的房屋和新社区,并转向社区动员来提出要求并保留有限的收益。随着20世纪90年代北美自由贸易协定下的全球化,在人口持续增长的同时,去工业化传播了边缘化。2000年的民主化并没有给在这个城市面临边缘和非正式生活的人们带来什么好处,这个城市仍然是国家的首都,是为全球化服务的权力中心,也是美洲最大的大都市区。
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引用次数: 0
Energy Capital and Opportunity City 能源之都和机会之城
Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0008
Joseph A. Pratt, M. Melosi
Houston began the twentieth century as a small cotton port linked to the Gulf of Mexico by a ship channel. It became an important center of oil production and refining before World War II, a leading producer during the war and its aftermath, and the global capital of energy focusing on technological innovation, refining, and petrochemicals as the world economy globalized. As it grew, the city drew migrants, Anglo- and African-American, from the U.S. South, many from Louisiana, to become a diverse but not simply segregated city. The long-term economic benefits of oil-led development allowed unequal yet shared gains and funded the rise of leading medical centers, sustaining a diversified economy after the 1980s oil bust made it a symbol of a major city built on oil. It expanded employment and improved infrastructure, but economic opportunities and physical growth came with high environmental costs, including health challenges and urban problems ranging from water supply, to pollution, to chronic flooding—as the city grew with a new wave of migration from Mexico into the twenty-first century.
20世纪初,休斯顿是一个小棉花港,通过一条航道与墨西哥湾相连。在第二次世界大战之前,它成为重要的石油生产和炼油中心,在战争期间及其后果期间成为领先的生产商,随着世界经济全球化,它成为全球能源之都,专注于技术创新、炼油和石化产品。随着城市的发展,这座城市吸引了来自美国南部的移民,包括盎格鲁人和非洲裔美国人,其中许多人来自路易斯安那州,成为一个多元化但不仅仅是种族隔离的城市。以石油为主导的发展所带来的长期经济效益允许了不平等的共享收益,并为领先医疗中心的兴起提供了资金,在20世纪80年代石油泡沫破裂后维持了多元化的经济,使其成为一个以石油为基础的主要城市的象征。它扩大了就业,改善了基础设施,但经济机会和物质增长带来了高昂的环境成本,包括健康挑战和城市问题,从供水到污染,再到慢性洪水——随着城市的发展,从墨西哥到21世纪的新一波移民。
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引用次数: 0
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