Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99954
K. Boughzala, M. Hidouri
Waste regenerated after washing of rock phosphate and phosphogypsum has been proposed as removal agents of Acid Red 88 (AR 88)) from artificially contaminated solution. Natural phosphate (PN) was also studied for comparison. These materials were characterized beforehand, as is intended for the removal tests, by chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis– differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The conducted experiments show that among the different materials, the PWR has the highest retention capacity of the dye (123.4 mg g−1) of AR-88. Upon calcinations, the removal capacities reduced by 60 to 70%. We take note also that a decrease in the amount of removed AR 88 dye occurs with an increase in pH. The kinetics data on the reaction between AR 88 and the materials are described well by a pseudo -second-order model. The Langmuir model is successfully applied to the experimental data of the removal of acid red 88. The removal process is exothermic.
{"title":"Elimination of Acid Red 88 by Waste Product from the Phosphate Industry: Batch Design and Regeneration","authors":"K. Boughzala, M. Hidouri","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99954","url":null,"abstract":"Waste regenerated after washing of rock phosphate and phosphogypsum has been proposed as removal agents of Acid Red 88 (AR 88)) from artificially contaminated solution. Natural phosphate (PN) was also studied for comparison. These materials were characterized beforehand, as is intended for the removal tests, by chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis– differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The conducted experiments show that among the different materials, the PWR has the highest retention capacity of the dye (123.4 mg g−1) of AR-88. Upon calcinations, the removal capacities reduced by 60 to 70%. We take note also that a decrease in the amount of removed AR 88 dye occurs with an increase in pH. The kinetics data on the reaction between AR 88 and the materials are described well by a pseudo -second-order model. The Langmuir model is successfully applied to the experimental data of the removal of acid red 88. The removal process is exothermic.","PeriodicalId":199128,"journal":{"name":"Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination [Working Title]","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116685325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99458
N. Nelson, A. De Luca
Permeate or distillate from desalination processes is typically void of minerals and alkalinity, inherently acidic and therefore corrosive to water distribution infrastructure. The reintroduction of both minerals and alkalinity is essential for the stabilization of the water before it is sent to consumers making this the last step of the treatment process. Classical water stability is evaluated with respect to its calco-carbonic equilibrium which looks at the balance of calcium hardness, alkalinity and pH to determine whether the water has a tendency to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate. The purpose of remineralization processes is replenish the levels of calcium hardness and alkalinity in the water and then adjust the pH to deliver a stable water quality that is safe for human consumption and non-aggressive to water distribution infrastructure.
{"title":"Remineralization and Stabilization of Desalinated Water","authors":"N. Nelson, A. De Luca","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99458","url":null,"abstract":"Permeate or distillate from desalination processes is typically void of minerals and alkalinity, inherently acidic and therefore corrosive to water distribution infrastructure. The reintroduction of both minerals and alkalinity is essential for the stabilization of the water before it is sent to consumers making this the last step of the treatment process. Classical water stability is evaluated with respect to its calco-carbonic equilibrium which looks at the balance of calcium hardness, alkalinity and pH to determine whether the water has a tendency to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate. The purpose of remineralization processes is replenish the levels of calcium hardness and alkalinity in the water and then adjust the pH to deliver a stable water quality that is safe for human consumption and non-aggressive to water distribution infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":199128,"journal":{"name":"Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination [Working Title]","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122182034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99180
I. Shrivastava, E. Adams
Recently proposed options for desalination brine management involve blending of brine with a lighter effluent or concentrating the brine prior to discharge, either of which can significantly alter the discharge concentrations of contaminants. We evaluate the effect of these brine management strategies on the design of submerged outfalls used to discharge brine. Optimization of outfall design is considered such that adequate mixing can be provided with minimum cost. Designs with submerged and surfacing plume are considered for outfalls located in shallow coastal regions with small currents (quiescent receiving water is assumed). Pre-dilution with treated wastewater is shown to reduce the outfall cost, whereas pre-dilution with seawater or pre-concentration are shown to result in higher costs than the discharge of brine alone. The effect of bottom slope is also explored and the results suggest that multiport diffusers are better suited than single jets at locations with a mild bottom slope.
{"title":"Desalination Brine Management: Effect on Outfall Design","authors":"I. Shrivastava, E. Adams","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99180","url":null,"abstract":"Recently proposed options for desalination brine management involve blending of brine with a lighter effluent or concentrating the brine prior to discharge, either of which can significantly alter the discharge concentrations of contaminants. We evaluate the effect of these brine management strategies on the design of submerged outfalls used to discharge brine. Optimization of outfall design is considered such that adequate mixing can be provided with minimum cost. Designs with submerged and surfacing plume are considered for outfalls located in shallow coastal regions with small currents (quiescent receiving water is assumed). Pre-dilution with treated wastewater is shown to reduce the outfall cost, whereas pre-dilution with seawater or pre-concentration are shown to result in higher costs than the discharge of brine alone. The effect of bottom slope is also explored and the results suggest that multiport diffusers are better suited than single jets at locations with a mild bottom slope.","PeriodicalId":199128,"journal":{"name":"Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination [Working Title]","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121606455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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