Pub Date : 2019-09-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84705
Shadab Gharaati Jahromi
Phenolic derivatives are one of the most important compounds that were found in secondary metabolites in plants. According to their various applications in agriculture, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, interests in reviewing different procedures of extraction of these compounds from plants have increased. In this chapter, we would like to have an overview on the extraction procedures that have been used in isolating phenolic compounds from plants until this time, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In the following, advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and methods will be discussed and explained. In addition, in the last part of this chapter, various methods for purification and identification of phenolic compounds will be presented.
{"title":"Extraction Techniques of Phenolic Compounds from Plants","authors":"Shadab Gharaati Jahromi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84705","url":null,"abstract":"Phenolic derivatives are one of the most important compounds that were found in secondary metabolites in plants. According to their various applications in agriculture, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, interests in reviewing different procedures of extraction of these compounds from plants have increased. In this chapter, we would like to have an overview on the extraction procedures that have been used in isolating phenolic compounds from plants until this time, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In the following, advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and methods will be discussed and explained. In addition, in the last part of this chapter, various methods for purification and identification of phenolic compounds will be presented.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79164922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84745
Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Marwa Waheed, A. Javed, M. Farooq, A. Tahir
As potential agents for preventing different oxidative stress-related diseases, phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention with the passage of time. Intake of fruits, vegetables and cereals in higher quantities is linked with decreased chances of chronic diseases. In plant-based foods, phenolic compounds are very abundant. However, bio-accessibility and biotransformation of phenolic compound are not reviewed in these studies; therefore, a detailed action mechanism of phenolic compounds is not recognized. In this article, inclusive concept of different factors affecting the bioavailability of phenolic compounds and their metabolic processes is presented through which phenolic compounds go after ingestion.
{"title":"Bioavailability and Metabolic Pathway of Phenolic Compounds","authors":"Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Marwa Waheed, A. Javed, M. Farooq, A. Tahir","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84745","url":null,"abstract":"As potential agents for preventing different oxidative stress-related diseases, phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention with the passage of time. Intake of fruits, vegetables and cereals in higher quantities is linked with decreased chances of chronic diseases. In plant-based foods, phenolic compounds are very abundant. However, bio-accessibility and biotransformation of phenolic compound are not reviewed in these studies; therefore, a detailed action mechanism of phenolic compounds is not recognized. In this article, inclusive concept of different factors affecting the bioavailability of phenolic compounds and their metabolic processes is presented through which phenolic compounds go after ingestion.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89252031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83804
Vargas-Hernández Marcela, Vázquez-Marrufo Gerardo, Aguilar-Ruiz Carlos Agustín, G. M. Antonio, Rocha Oscar, Cerna-Pantoja Diego, A. Cruz-Hernández
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that play an important role in the regulation of the genetic expression in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Several miRNAs regulate the plant development, the metabolism, and the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Characterization of an miRNA has helped to show its role in fine tuning the mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Although there is a lot of information related to miRNA regulation of some processes, the role of miRNA involved in the regulation of biosynthesis of secondary plant product is still poorly understood. In this chapter, we summarize the identification and characterization of miRNAs that participate in the regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants and their use in the strategies to manipulate a controlled manipulation. miR156-targeted squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) genes. High miR156 activity promotes accumulation of anthocyanins and activity-induced of flavonols. This study also demonstrates that SPL9 negatively regulates anthocyanin accumulation through properties in long-term subcultured Taxus cells.
{"title":"MicroRNAs Associated with Secondary Metabolites Production","authors":"Vargas-Hernández Marcela, Vázquez-Marrufo Gerardo, Aguilar-Ruiz Carlos Agustín, G. M. Antonio, Rocha Oscar, Cerna-Pantoja Diego, A. Cruz-Hernández","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83804","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that play an important role in the regulation of the genetic expression in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Several miRNAs regulate the plant development, the metabolism, and the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Characterization of an miRNA has helped to show its role in fine tuning the mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Although there is a lot of information related to miRNA regulation of some processes, the role of miRNA involved in the regulation of biosynthesis of secondary plant product is still poorly understood. In this chapter, we summarize the identification and characterization of miRNAs that participate in the regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants and their use in the strategies to manipulate a controlled manipulation. miR156-targeted squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) genes. High miR156 activity promotes accumulation of anthocyanins and activity-induced of flavonols. This study also demonstrates that SPL9 negatively regulates anthocyanin accumulation through properties in long-term subcultured Taxus cells.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75951280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85031
S. D’Angelo
Exercise-induced aerobic bioenergetic reactions in mitochondria and cytosol increase production of reactive oxygen species. Many efforts have been carried out to identify dietary strategies or micronutrients able to prevent or at least attenuate the exercise-induced muscle damage and stress. A lot of studies are about how effective dietary intervention and oral antioxidant supplementation may be in reducing oxidative stress in athletes who exercise intensively. Commonly used nonenzymatic supplements have been proposed as ways to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress and hence improve adaptation responses to endurance training. Plant-derived bioactive compounds can repress inflammation by inhibit-ing oxidative damage and interacting with the immune system. This review focuses on polyphenols and phytochemicals present in the plant kingdom that have been recently suggested to exert some positive effects on exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress. This review will summarize some of the actual knowledge on polyphenolic compounds that have been demonstrated both to exert a significant effect in exercise-induced muscle damage and to play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance. Overall, the pooled results show that polyphenols are viable supplements to improve performance in athletes.
{"title":"Polyphenols and Athletic Performance: A Review on Human Data","authors":"S. D’Angelo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85031","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise-induced aerobic bioenergetic reactions in mitochondria and cytosol increase production of reactive oxygen species. Many efforts have been carried out to identify dietary strategies or micronutrients able to prevent or at least attenuate the exercise-induced muscle damage and stress. A lot of studies are about how effective dietary intervention and oral antioxidant supplementation may be in reducing oxidative stress in athletes who exercise intensively. Commonly used nonenzymatic supplements have been proposed as ways to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress and hence improve adaptation responses to endurance training. Plant-derived bioactive compounds can repress inflammation by inhibit-ing oxidative damage and interacting with the immune system. This review focuses on polyphenols and phytochemicals present in the plant kingdom that have been recently suggested to exert some positive effects on exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress. This review will summarize some of the actual knowledge on polyphenolic compounds that have been demonstrated both to exert a significant effect in exercise-induced muscle damage and to play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance. Overall, the pooled results show that polyphenols are viable supplements to improve performance in athletes.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86131334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83815
N. Santos-Sánchez, R. Salas-Coronado, B. Hernández-Carlos, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found most abundantly in plants. These aromatic molecules have important roles, as pigments, antioxidants, signaling agents, the structural element lignan, and as a defense mechanism. The expression of phenolic compounds is promoted by biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, unfavorable temperature and pH, saline stress, heavy metal stress, and UVB and UVA radiation). These compounds are formed via the shikimate pathway in higher plants and microorganisms. The enzymes responsible for the regulation of phenolic metabolism are known, and shikimic acid is a central metabolite. The shikimate pathway consists of seven reaction steps, beginning with an aldol-type condensation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) from the glycolytic pathway, and D-erythrose-4-phosphate, from the pentose phosphate cycle, to produce 3-deoxy-D- arabino -heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP). A key branch-point compound is chorismic acid, the final product of the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is described in this chapter, as well as factors that induce the synthesis of phenolic compounds in plants. Some representative examples that show the effect of biotic and abiotic stress on the production of phenolic compounds in plants are discussed.
{"title":"Shikimic Acid Pathway in Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds","authors":"N. Santos-Sánchez, R. Salas-Coronado, B. Hernández-Carlos, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83815","url":null,"abstract":"Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found most abundantly in plants. These aromatic molecules have important roles, as pigments, antioxidants, signaling agents, the structural element lignan, and as a defense mechanism. The expression of phenolic compounds is promoted by biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, unfavorable temperature and pH, saline stress, heavy metal stress, and UVB and UVA radiation). These compounds are formed via the shikimate pathway in higher plants and microorganisms. The enzymes responsible for the regulation of phenolic metabolism are known, and shikimic acid is a central metabolite. The shikimate pathway consists of seven reaction steps, beginning with an aldol-type condensation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) from the glycolytic pathway, and D-erythrose-4-phosphate, from the pentose phosphate cycle, to produce 3-deoxy-D- arabino -heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP). A key branch-point compound is chorismic acid, the final product of the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is described in this chapter, as well as factors that induce the synthesis of phenolic compounds in plants. Some representative examples that show the effect of biotic and abiotic stress on the production of phenolic compounds in plants are discussed.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87031128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-23DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83457
Mariana Séfora Bezerra Sousa, Jovan Marques Lara Júnior, D. S. Buarque
The purpose of this research was to optimize the extraction conditions of polyphenols from murici ( Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth) using the response surface methodology. Temperature (from 10 to 70°C), acetone concentration (from 10 to 100%), extraction time (from 0 to 160 min), and solid-liquid ratio (from 20 to 140 mg/mL) were investigated as independent variables in order to obtain the optimal conditions for extraction and to maximize the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) of obtained extracts. Experimental results were fitted to the second-order polynomial model where multiple regression and analysis of variance were used to determine the fitness of the model and optimal condition for investigated responses. The solid-liquid did not interfere in the two responses. The results showed that for TPC extraction, the optimal conditions were obtained with an acetone concentration of 44%, a temperature of 29°C, and an extraction time of 51 min. For DPPH, the optimal conditions were the following: an acetone concentration of 45%, a temperature of 40°C, and an extraction time of 53 min. The use of such conditions allowed the maximum extraction of antioxidant murici at a lower cost of production, which may contribute to large-scale industrial applications and future pharmacological research.
{"title":"Optimization of the Extraction of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacity from Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Fruit by Response Surface Methodology","authors":"Mariana Séfora Bezerra Sousa, Jovan Marques Lara Júnior, D. S. Buarque","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83457","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research was to optimize the extraction conditions of polyphenols from murici ( Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth) using the response surface methodology. Temperature (from 10 to 70°C), acetone concentration (from 10 to 100%), extraction time (from 0 to 160 min), and solid-liquid ratio (from 20 to 140 mg/mL) were investigated as independent variables in order to obtain the optimal conditions for extraction and to maximize the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) of obtained extracts. Experimental results were fitted to the second-order polynomial model where multiple regression and analysis of variance were used to determine the fitness of the model and optimal condition for investigated responses. The solid-liquid did not interfere in the two responses. The results showed that for TPC extraction, the optimal conditions were obtained with an acetone concentration of 44%, a temperature of 29°C, and an extraction time of 51 min. For DPPH, the optimal conditions were the following: an acetone concentration of 45%, a temperature of 40°C, and an extraction time of 53 min. The use of such conditions allowed the maximum extraction of antioxidant murici at a lower cost of production, which may contribute to large-scale industrial applications and future pharmacological research.","PeriodicalId":20118,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77083292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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