{"title":"Fundamentals of electrokinetics","authors":"S. Kim, Keuntae Kim","doi":"10.1201/B17619-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124151514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nandita Singh, P. Srivastava, R. D. Tripathi, Shubhi Srivastava Aradhana Vaish
{"title":"Microbial in-situ mitigation of arsenic contamination in plants and soils","authors":"Nandita Singh, P. Srivastava, R. D. Tripathi, Shubhi Srivastava Aradhana Vaish","doi":"10.1201/B17619-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132509100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Krüger, H. Holländer, J. Stummeyer, B. Harazim, Peter-W. Boochs Max Billib
{"title":"In-situ immobilization of arsenic in the subsurface on an anthropogenic contaminated site","authors":"T. Krüger, H. Holländer, J. Stummeyer, B. Harazim, Peter-W. Boochs Max Billib","doi":"10.1201/B17619-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127969287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic (As) appears in the environment as various As species, which may vary in plant uptake and toxicity. Moreover, As exposure may vary between habitat due to availability and speciation, both of which are influenced by redox potential. To decrease As uptake, addition of silicate may be a tool.The aim of the study was to investigate how the external factors As availability, plant habitats, silicon and oxygen level, influenced the accumulation and speciation of As in plants for food and phytoremediation in a temperate region. The external factors were chosen due to their previously showed influence on As in plants.The risks with dietary As was investigated by plant As accumulation and speciation in carrot, lettuce and spinach grown in alum shale and glassworks soils, and by the influence of silicon on As accumulation in lettuce in hydroponics. Suitable plants for As phytoremediation was investigated by analysing plants from various habitats, and by the O2 influence on phytofiltration.The results showed that vegetables accumulated more As in soils with higher As extractability, and the As extractability in the rhizosphere was higher than in bulk soil. Also, the As concentration in lettuce was higher in hydroponics than in soil, but silicon reduced the accumulation of As in lettuce in hydroponics. Also, the more toxic inorganic As were the main As species detected in vegetables, compared with the less toxic organic As. For phytoremediation, the results showed a low As accumulation in emergent and terrestrial plants. Submerged plants had had a higher shoot As concentration. In general, the habitat had a major influence on the As accumulation in plants. The results also showed that the As accumulation properties in Elodea canadensis was reduced at higher O2.In conclusion, consumption of vegetables cultivated in As polluted soils can result in an elevated intake of inorganic As, and E. canadensis is a promising candidate for As phytofiltration in a temperate region.
{"title":"Phytostabilization of arsenic","authors":"Claes Bergqvist, M. Greger","doi":"10.1201/B17619-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-4","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic (As) appears in the environment as various As species, which may vary in plant uptake and toxicity. Moreover, As exposure may vary between habitat due to availability and speciation, both of which are influenced by redox potential. To decrease As uptake, addition of silicate may be a tool.The aim of the study was to investigate how the external factors As availability, plant habitats, silicon and oxygen level, influenced the accumulation and speciation of As in plants for food and phytoremediation in a temperate region. The external factors were chosen due to their previously showed influence on As in plants.The risks with dietary As was investigated by plant As accumulation and speciation in carrot, lettuce and spinach grown in alum shale and glassworks soils, and by the influence of silicon on As accumulation in lettuce in hydroponics. Suitable plants for As phytoremediation was investigated by analysing plants from various habitats, and by the O2 influence on phytofiltration.The results showed that vegetables accumulated more As in soils with higher As extractability, and the As extractability in the rhizosphere was higher than in bulk soil. Also, the As concentration in lettuce was higher in hydroponics than in soil, but silicon reduced the accumulation of As in lettuce in hydroponics. Also, the more toxic inorganic As were the main As species detected in vegetables, compared with the less toxic organic As. For phytoremediation, the results showed a low As accumulation in emergent and terrestrial plants. Submerged plants had had a higher shoot As concentration. In general, the habitat had a major influence on the As accumulation in plants. The results also showed that the As accumulation properties in Elodea canadensis was reduced at higher O2.In conclusion, consumption of vegetables cultivated in As polluted soils can result in an elevated intake of inorganic As, and E. canadensis is a promising candidate for As phytofiltration in a temperate region.","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127180482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Litter, J. Cortina, A. Fiúza, Aurora Silva, C. Tsakiroglou
{"title":"In-situ technologies for groundwater treatment: the case of arsenic","authors":"M. Litter, J. Cortina, A. Fiúza, Aurora Silva, C. Tsakiroglou","doi":"10.1201/B17619-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123541529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic contamination in soils occurs widely in a range of ecosystems resulting from geological origins and anthropogenic activities. On average, arsenic concentration ranges from 5 to 10 mg kg−1 in uncontaminated soils and above 10 mg kg−1 in contaminated soils (Hossain, 2006). Increased buildup of arsenic in irrigated soils has been widely recognized in South and South-east Asia (Brammer and Ravenscroft, 2009), posing significant threats to agriculture sustainability. In Bangladesh, long-term irrigation with arsenic-rich groundwater from shallow aquifers in dry season adds >1000 tons of arsenic to the agricultural soils (Ali et al., 2003). In addition, arsenic contamination in soils results from various anthropogenic activities, such as mining and smelting (Williams et al., 2009), and using arsenic-containing wood preservatives (Chirenje et al., 2003), pigment, pesticides, herbicide (Sarkar et al., 2005) and feed additives (Arai et al., 2003). As a cost-effective and ecology-friendly technology, phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils has been widely studied. Among phytoremediation technologies, phytoextraction and phytostabilization are two predominant approaches in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoextraction takes advantage of plants to remove contaminants from soils by concentrating the targeted contaminant to the harvestable tissues (Salt et al., 1998). To achieve effective arsenic removal from soils, the plant should be highly tolerant to arsenic and efficient in accumulating arsenic into sufficient aboveground biomass. Therefore, phytoextraction efficiency depends on both aboveground biomass yield and plant arsenic concentration. Bioconcentration factor (BF), which is defined as the ratio of element concentration in plant shoots to that in soil, has been used to measure a plant’s efficiency in phytoextraction. Based on mass balance calculation, phytoextraction is feasible only by using plants with BF much greater than 1, regardless of how large the harvestable biomass (McGrath and Zhao, 2003). Furthermore, to achieve efficient removal of contaminant in a reasonable time frame with high plant survival and biomass yield, the initial and target soil contaminant concentrations should be taken into account to predict the applicability of phytoextraction, which is in most cases appropriate for soils with low contamination (Zhao and McGrath, 2009). For heavily contaminated sites (e.g., industrial and mining degraded sites), indigenous tolerant species with extensive root system and low translocation factor (TF, the ratio of contaminant concentration in shoots to that in roots) provide valuable plant resources to immobilize the pollutant in the rhizosphere, and simultaneously stabilize the degraded sites by establishing vegetation cover. Soil amendments, in some cases, are essential to assist the success of the survival of pioneering species by mitigating contaminant toxicity and improving substrate conditions (Van
由于地质成因和人为活动，土壤中的砷污染广泛发生在一系列生态系统中。平均而言，未受污染土壤中的砷浓度为5至10 mg kg - 1，受污染土壤中的砷浓度为10 mg kg - 1以上(Hossain, 2006年)。在南亚和东南亚，人们已经广泛认识到灌溉土壤中砷含量的增加(Brammer和Ravenscroft, 2009)，这对农业的可持续性构成了重大威胁。在孟加拉国，在旱季用来自浅层含水层的富砷地下水进行长期灌溉，使农业土壤中的砷增加了1000吨以上(Ali等，2003年)。此外，土壤中的砷污染来自各种人为活动，例如采矿和冶炼(Williams等人，2009年)、使用含砷木材防腐剂(Chirenje等人，2003年)、色素、杀虫剂、除草剂(Sarkar等人，2005年)和饲料添加剂(Arai等人，2003年)。砷污染土壤的植物修复技术作为一种经济高效的生态友好型技术得到了广泛的研究。在植物修复技术中，植物提取和植物稳定是修复重金属污染土壤的两种主要方法。植物萃取利用植物将目标污染物浓缩到可收获的组织中，从而从土壤中去除污染物(Salt等，1998年)。为了从土壤中有效地去除砷，植物应该对砷具有高度的耐受性，并能有效地将砷积累到足够的地上生物量中。因此，植物提取效率取决于地上生物量产量和植物砷浓度。生物富集系数(BF)是指植物枝条中元素浓度与土壤中元素浓度的比值，已被用来衡量植物的植物提取效率。根据质量平衡计算，无论可收获生物量有多大，只有使用BF远大于1的植物才能进行植物提取(McGrath and Zhao, 2003)。此外，为了在合理的时间框架内实现高植物存活率和生物量产量的有效去除污染物，应该考虑初始和目标土壤污染物浓度来预测植物提取的适用性，这在大多数情况下适用于低污染的土壤(Zhao和McGrath, 2009)。对于严重污染的场地(如工业和矿业退化场地)，具有广泛根系和低转运因子(TF，茎部污染物浓度与根部污染物浓度之比)的本地耐受物种提供了宝贵的植物资源来固定根际污染物，同时通过建立植被覆盖来稳定退化场地。在某些情况下，土壤改质对于通过减轻污染物毒性和改善基质条件来帮助先锋物种成功生存至关重要(Vangronsveld等人，2009)。这样，污染场地的生态恢复可以通过植被恢复逐步实现，这被称为植物稳定。除了这两种主要的植物修复技术外，其他方法还包括植物排斥和根茎过滤。在大规模农业土壤砷污染的修复中，植物排斥是减少砷从土壤向作物转移的更实用的方法。基于对水稻中砷生物地球化学和砷转运机制的完善认识，提出了包括水管理、施硅和根际调控在内的一系列策略
{"title":"Recent advances in phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils","authors":"Xin Wang, L. Ma","doi":"10.1201/B17619-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B17619-5","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic contamination in soils occurs widely in a range of ecosystems resulting from geological origins and anthropogenic activities. On average, arsenic concentration ranges from 5 to 10 mg kg−1 in uncontaminated soils and above 10 mg kg−1 in contaminated soils (Hossain, 2006). Increased buildup of arsenic in irrigated soils has been widely recognized in South and South-east Asia (Brammer and Ravenscroft, 2009), posing significant threats to agriculture sustainability. In Bangladesh, long-term irrigation with arsenic-rich groundwater from shallow aquifers in dry season adds >1000 tons of arsenic to the agricultural soils (Ali et al., 2003). In addition, arsenic contamination in soils results from various anthropogenic activities, such as mining and smelting (Williams et al., 2009), and using arsenic-containing wood preservatives (Chirenje et al., 2003), pigment, pesticides, herbicide (Sarkar et al., 2005) and feed additives (Arai et al., 2003). As a cost-effective and ecology-friendly technology, phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils has been widely studied. Among phytoremediation technologies, phytoextraction and phytostabilization are two predominant approaches in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoextraction takes advantage of plants to remove contaminants from soils by concentrating the targeted contaminant to the harvestable tissues (Salt et al., 1998). To achieve effective arsenic removal from soils, the plant should be highly tolerant to arsenic and efficient in accumulating arsenic into sufficient aboveground biomass. Therefore, phytoextraction efficiency depends on both aboveground biomass yield and plant arsenic concentration. Bioconcentration factor (BF), which is defined as the ratio of element concentration in plant shoots to that in soil, has been used to measure a plant’s efficiency in phytoextraction. Based on mass balance calculation, phytoextraction is feasible only by using plants with BF much greater than 1, regardless of how large the harvestable biomass (McGrath and Zhao, 2003). Furthermore, to achieve efficient removal of contaminant in a reasonable time frame with high plant survival and biomass yield, the initial and target soil contaminant concentrations should be taken into account to predict the applicability of phytoextraction, which is in most cases appropriate for soils with low contamination (Zhao and McGrath, 2009). For heavily contaminated sites (e.g., industrial and mining degraded sites), indigenous tolerant species with extensive root system and low translocation factor (TF, the ratio of contaminant concentration in shoots to that in roots) provide valuable plant resources to immobilize the pollutant in the rhizosphere, and simultaneously stabilize the degraded sites by establishing vegetation cover. Soil amendments, in some cases, are essential to assist the success of the survival of pioneering species by mitigating contaminant toxicity and improving substrate conditions (Van","PeriodicalId":201855,"journal":{"name":"In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122068614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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