Pub Date : 2019-04-17DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80388
J. Gordeladze
Vitamin K2 binds to the intranuclear receptor SXR and results in the activation of a pleth- ora of genes, both directly and indirectly. Among these genes are important biological markers of cellular characteristics or features (also known as cell phenotypes), as well as a set of molecules known to be involved in both hormone-induced, G-protein-mediated cell signalling, either directly or indirectly activating so-called sirtuins and/or histone deacetylaces (HDACs), known as determinants of cell types and their specific functions in a given tissue. Hence, vitamin K2 may be closely involved in or serving as a traditional molecular ‘link’ between hormonal receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. It has been stated that a true hormone is a product of living cells, which circulates in body fluids (such as blood) and elicits a specific and often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells situated remotely from its point of origin. A large bulk of evidence published over the past 10 years establishes vitamin K2 in this category of substances. Hence, vitamin K2 should be considered and consequently classified as a hormone.
{"title":"Vitamin K2: A Vitamin that Works like a Hormone, Impinging on Gene Expression","authors":"J. Gordeladze","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80388","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamin K2 binds to the intranuclear receptor SXR and results in the activation of a pleth- ora of genes, both directly and indirectly. Among these genes are important biological markers of cellular characteristics or features (also known as cell phenotypes), as well as a set of molecules known to be involved in both hormone-induced, G-protein-mediated cell signalling, either directly or indirectly activating so-called sirtuins and/or histone deacetylaces (HDACs), known as determinants of cell types and their specific functions in a given tissue. Hence, vitamin K2 may be closely involved in or serving as a traditional molecular ‘link’ between hormonal receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. It has been stated that a true hormone is a product of living cells, which circulates in body fluids (such as blood) and elicits a specific and often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells situated remotely from its point of origin. A large bulk of evidence published over the past 10 years establishes vitamin K2 in this category of substances. Hence, vitamin K2 should be considered and consequently classified as a hormone.","PeriodicalId":205001,"journal":{"name":"Cell Signalling - Thermodynamics and Molecular Control","volume":"998 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116235450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79952
Z. Fábián
Identification of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as core players of the transcriptional response to hypoxia transformed our understanding of the mechanism underpinning the hypoxic response at the molecular level and led to discoveries on the role of metabolism in cell signaling alike. It has now become clear that HIFs act in the heart of a pathway where oxygen may be considered as a signaling entity recognized by molecular sensors conveying the oxygen signal to the transcriptional regulator HIFs as distal effectors. The pathway is under multiple levels of regulatory control shaping the cellular response to hypoxia and gives hypoxia signaling an intricate and dynamic activity profile. These include regulatory mechanisms within the HIF pathway as well as diverse interplay with other metabolic and signaling pathways of critical cellular functions. The emerging model reflects a multi-level regulatory network that apparently affects all aspects of cell physiology.
{"title":"The Signaling Nature of Cellular Metabolism: The Hypoxia Signaling","authors":"Z. Fábián","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79952","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as core players of the transcriptional response to hypoxia transformed our understanding of the mechanism underpinning the hypoxic response at the molecular level and led to discoveries on the role of metabolism in cell signaling alike. It has now become clear that HIFs act in the heart of a pathway where oxygen may be considered as a signaling entity recognized by molecular sensors conveying the oxygen signal to the transcriptional regulator HIFs as distal effectors. The pathway is under multiple levels of regulatory control shaping the cellular response to hypoxia and gives hypoxia signaling an intricate and dynamic activity profile. These include regulatory mechanisms within the HIF pathway as well as diverse interplay with other metabolic and signaling pathways of critical cellular functions. The emerging model reflects a multi-level regulatory network that apparently affects all aspects of cell physiology.","PeriodicalId":205001,"journal":{"name":"Cell Signalling - Thermodynamics and Molecular Control","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123914298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81619
M. C. Castañeda-Patlán, Gabriela Fuentes-García, M. Robles-Flores
Aberrant Wnt signaling is a hallmark of many cancer types such as colon cancer. However, the effect of altered Wnt signaling is not only restricted to cancer cells but also dynami cally interacts with a tumor microenvironment and has the ability to directly regulate the anti-tumor immune response. It has been reported that tumors induce immune tolerance through the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in dendritic cells promoting T regula - tory responses, and also that both canonical and noncanonical Wnt proteins program dendritic cell responses for tolerance. Thus, the Wnt signaling pathway may be a novel and promising therapeutic target for anticancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell response regulation medi - ated by canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling. C (PLC) to produce diacylglycerol and Ca 2+ mobilization that activates PKC isoforms, other Ca 2+ -modulated kinases and calcineurin phosphatase, which in turn promotes NFAT translocation to the nucleus.
{"title":"Wnt Signaling as a Master Regulator of Immune Tolerance in a Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"M. C. Castañeda-Patlán, Gabriela Fuentes-García, M. Robles-Flores","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81619","url":null,"abstract":"Aberrant Wnt signaling is a hallmark of many cancer types such as colon cancer. However, the effect of altered Wnt signaling is not only restricted to cancer cells but also dynami cally interacts with a tumor microenvironment and has the ability to directly regulate the anti-tumor immune response. It has been reported that tumors induce immune tolerance through the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in dendritic cells promoting T regula - tory responses, and also that both canonical and noncanonical Wnt proteins program dendritic cell responses for tolerance. Thus, the Wnt signaling pathway may be a novel and promising therapeutic target for anticancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell response regulation medi - ated by canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling. C (PLC) to produce diacylglycerol and Ca 2+ mobilization that activates PKC isoforms, other Ca 2+ -modulated kinases and calcineurin phosphatase, which in turn promotes NFAT translocation to the nucleus.","PeriodicalId":205001,"journal":{"name":"Cell Signalling - Thermodynamics and Molecular Control","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114180296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78568
Natalie Duong, Kevin J. Curley, M. A. Do, Daniel Levy, Biao Lu
Genetically encoded reporter circuits have been revolutionizing our ability to monitor, manipulate, and visualize specific cellular responses to a variety of environmental stimuli. However, the development of genetic circuits that enable both high throughput (HTP) application and laboratory automation remains challenging. In this report, we describe a novel dual-reporter circuit that utilizes a secretory Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) for monitoring inflammatory signaling, a fundamental process in many life events. We designed and built this genetic circuit into a simple adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, which is suitable for both simple transfection and efficient transduction protocols. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this new circuit and its ability to monitor a broad range of inflammatory response in various human cell models. Impor-tantly, this novel system is simple, robust, and readily adaptable to HTP applications and laboratory automation including fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and microplate reader analysis. By combining both GFP and Gluc in one genetic circuit, our new dual- reporter circuit provides an easy and powerful tool for monitoring and quantifying inflammatory signals in various mammalian cells.
{"title":"A Novel Genetic Circuit Supports Laboratory Automation and High Throughput Monitoring of Inflammation in Living Human Cells","authors":"Natalie Duong, Kevin J. Curley, M. A. Do, Daniel Levy, Biao Lu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78568","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically encoded reporter circuits have been revolutionizing our ability to monitor, manipulate, and visualize specific cellular responses to a variety of environmental stimuli. However, the development of genetic circuits that enable both high throughput (HTP) application and laboratory automation remains challenging. In this report, we describe a novel dual-reporter circuit that utilizes a secretory Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) for monitoring inflammatory signaling, a fundamental process in many life events. We designed and built this genetic circuit into a simple adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, which is suitable for both simple transfection and efficient transduction protocols. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this new circuit and its ability to monitor a broad range of inflammatory response in various human cell models. Impor-tantly, this novel system is simple, robust, and readily adaptable to HTP applications and laboratory automation including fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and microplate reader analysis. By combining both GFP and Gluc in one genetic circuit, our new dual- reporter circuit provides an easy and powerful tool for monitoring and quantifying inflammatory signals in various mammalian cells.","PeriodicalId":205001,"journal":{"name":"Cell Signalling - Thermodynamics and Molecular Control","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121085820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79951
T. Tsuruyama
Intracellular signal transduction is the most important research topic in cell biology, and for many years, model research by system biology based on network theory has long been in progress. This article reviews cell signaling from the viewpoint of information thermo- dynamics and describes a method for quantitatively describing signaling. In particular, a theoretical basis for evaluating the efficiency of intracellular signal transduction is presented in which information transmission in intracellular signal transduction is maxi-mized by using entropy coding and the fluctuation theorem. An important conclusion is obtained: the average entropy production rate is constant through the signal cascade.
{"title":"Information Thermodynamics of Cell Signal Transduction","authors":"T. Tsuruyama","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79951","url":null,"abstract":"Intracellular signal transduction is the most important research topic in cell biology, and for many years, model research by system biology based on network theory has long been in progress. This article reviews cell signaling from the viewpoint of information thermo- dynamics and describes a method for quantitatively describing signaling. In particular, a theoretical basis for evaluating the efficiency of intracellular signal transduction is presented in which information transmission in intracellular signal transduction is maxi-mized by using entropy coding and the fluctuation theorem. An important conclusion is obtained: the average entropy production rate is constant through the signal cascade.","PeriodicalId":205001,"journal":{"name":"Cell Signalling - Thermodynamics and Molecular Control","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126938593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：