The Rhine, while separating West and Central Europe, also formed a major corridor not only for the movement of people but also of ideas during the Paleolithic. This volume by a group of researchers working along both sides of the Rhine explores both of these premises.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.51315/9783935751353.003
Susanne Münzel, Berrin Çep
Heidenschmiede is a Middle Paleolithic rockshelter located in Heidenheim an der Brenz. The site was excavated in 1930 by Eduard Peters, but the archaeological remains were never completely analyzed. The lithic and faunal remains have recently been re-analyzed by the authors. The general features of the lithics are indicative of a Middle Paleolithic technology that includes a non-Levallois blade technology. The faunal remains reflect a Mammoth Steppe ecosystem and include mammoth, horse, woolly rhino and reindeer. Carnivore species play a minor role, although some carnivore gnawing is present. The archeological assemblage of this rockshelter demonstrates clear evidence of human activities, such as flint knapping, butchering of game animals, maintaining of hearths (burnt bones) and preparation of organic tools (retouchers).
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Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.51315/9783935751353.006
H. Koehler, Fabio Wegmüller, Benjamin Audiard, P. Auguste, J. Bahain, H. Bocherens, Simon Diemer, F. Preusser, Christine Pümpin, Noémie Sévêque, E. Stoetzel, O. Tombret, Patrice Wuscher
The Paleolithic site of Mutzig, discovered by chance in 1992 (Sainty 1992), has been the focus of several excavations since 2009. Located in Alsace (Bas-Rhin, France), it is presently one of only a handful of sites reliably attributed to the Middle Paleolithic in this area, thus providing rare evidence for a zone still relatively unknown for Early Prehistoric remains. The excellent preservation of the remains and the long stratigraphic sequence, with 6 to 8 in situ archaeological levels, make Mutzig a potential reference site for environmental and behavioral analyses for the Middle Paleolithic of the region. At least four archaeological levels contain burnt elements, and one level features a hearth structure. Taken together, the archaeological material, which is abundant in each of the different layers, forms an assemblage of more than 3000 faunal remains and more than 1500 lithic artifacts. Analyses of this site provide valuable insights into the environment and Neandertal ways of life in Alsace. We provide here only general results, with more detailed descriptions of the lithic and faunal remains presented in Diemer (this volume) and Sévêque (this volume). The faunal remains recovered from the human occupations in Levels 5 and 7 reflect the same relatively cold steppe-like environmental context and include reindeer, woolly mammoth, steppe horse, steppe bison and woolly rhinoceros. Small vertebrates also indicate a cold climate, though not related to the Pleniglacial. Confirmed isotopic data, from oxygen and carbon isotope measurements of horse and mammoth teeth, indicate temperatures lower than those of today and an open environment. Levels 9 and 10, however, tend to reveal a more temperate climate. The available OSL and ESR/U-series dates place the Mutzig occupations within the Early Weichselian Glacial (MIS 5, ca. 90,000 BP), an attribution which biometric analyses and the large and small fauna record tend to corroborate (Koehler et al. 2016a).
1992年偶然发现的旧石器时代穆齐格遗址(Sainty 1992)，自2009年以来一直是几次发掘的焦点。它位于阿尔萨斯(法国下莱茵省)，是目前该地区为数不多的几个可靠的旧石器时代中期遗址之一，因此为早期史前遗迹相对未知的区域提供了罕见的证据。保存完好的遗骸和较长的地层序列，有6至8个原位考古水平，使穆齐格成为该地区中旧石器时代环境和行为分析的潜在参考地点。至少有四个考古层含有燃烧的元素，其中一层以壁炉结构为特征。总的来说，考古材料在每一层都很丰富，形成了3000多个动物遗骸和1500多个石器文物的组合。对该遗址的分析为了解阿尔萨斯的环境和尼安德特人的生活方式提供了有价值的见解。我们在这里只提供一般的结果，对Diemer(本卷)和Sévêque(本卷)中提出的石器和动物遗骸进行了更详细的描述。从第5级和第7级人类活动中发现的动物遗骸反映了相同的相对寒冷的草原环境背景，包括驯鹿、长毛象、草原马、草原野牛和长毛犀牛。小型脊椎动物也表明了寒冷的气候，尽管与冰川期无关。从马和猛犸象牙齿的氧和碳同位素测量得到的确认的同位素数据表明，当时的温度低于今天的温度，并且是一个开放的环境。然而，第9级和第10级的气候则更为温和。现有的OSL和ESR/ u系列日期将Mutzig占领置于早期魏希塞利世冰期(MIS 5，约90000 BP)，生物特征分析和大型和小型动物记录倾向于证实这一归属(Koehler et al. 2016a)。
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