The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction最新文献

The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction

Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198748762.003.0004

J. Whaley

After the post-Hohenstaufen era, two decades of weak kings were followed by several dynasties competing for the German crown before the Habsburgs emerged dominant in the 15th century. During this period, the German kingdom evolved constitutional structures that institutionalized the elective monarchy. The most important was the establishment of a formal group of royal electors. ‘The later medieval empire: the emergence of the Habsburgs’ describes this key period, including the reigns of the first Habsburg king, Rudolf; Charles IV of Bavaria (r. 1347–78) and his important law the Golden Bull of 1356; Sigismund (r. 1410–37) and the reform of the church and empire; and the long reign of Frederick III (r. 1440–93)

后霍亨斯陶芬时代之后，20年的软弱国王之后是几个王朝争夺德国王位，直到哈布斯堡王朝在15世纪占据统治地位。在这一时期，德意志王国发展了宪制结构，使君主选举制度化。最重要的是建立了一个正式的皇家选举团。《中世纪晚期帝国:哈布斯堡王朝的兴起》描述了这一关键时期，包括哈布斯堡王朝第一位国王鲁道夫的统治;巴伐利亚的查理四世(1347-78)和他的重要法律《1356年金牛法案》;西吉斯蒙德(1410 - 1437)和教会和帝国的改革;以及腓特烈三世的长期统治(1440 - 1493)

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4. The early modern empire (1) 4. 早期现代帝国(1)

The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction

Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198748762.003.0005

J. Whaley

‘The early modern empire (1): from Maximilian I to the Thirty Years War’ outlines the period from 1493 to 1648. Maximilian I’s reign (1493–1519) transformed the empire. It remained a feudal society, in which the princes owed allegiance to the emperor, but it now gained more elements of a written constitution. Subsequently, the empire acquired a more extensive body of constitutional law than any other early modern European monarchy. The reigns of Charles V, Ferdinand I, and Maximilian II, and key events including Martin Luther’s Reformation movement, the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, and the Thirty Years War (1618–48) that started with a Bohemian rebellion against Habsburg rule, are all described.

“早期现代帝国(1):从马克西米利安一世到三十年战争”概述了从1493年到1648年的时期。马克西米利安一世的统治(1493-1519)改变了这个帝国。它仍然是一个封建社会，在这个社会里，王子们必须效忠皇帝，但现在它获得了更多的成文宪法的元素。随后，帝国获得了比任何其他早期现代欧洲君主制更广泛的宪法。查理五世、费迪南德一世和马克西米利安二世的统治，以及马丁·路德的宗教改革运动、1555年的奥格斯堡和平、以波希米亚人反抗哈布斯堡统治为开始的三十年战争(1618年至1648年)等重要事件，都在书中有所描述。

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2. The high medieval empire 2. 中世纪鼎盛帝国

The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction

Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198748762.003.0003

J. Whaley

‘The high medieval empire: from the Salians to the Hohenstaufen’ describes the Salian and Hohenstaufen dynasties who ruled until the mid-13th century; the increasingly problematic relationship between empire and papacy; and the development of a German identity. It begins with the early Salian kings, Conrad II (r. 1024–39) and Henry III (r. 1039–56), who achieved consolidation of the empire and church reform. Conflict with the papacy increased during the reigns of Henry IV (r. 1056–1106) and Henry V (r. 1106–25). The Hohenstaufen dynasty inherited the imperial aspirations of the Ottonians and Salians, but after increasing problems in Italy, the dynasty ended in failure with the death of Frederick II in 1250.

《中世纪鼎盛帝国:从萨利安王朝到霍亨斯陶芬王朝》描述了统治到13世纪中叶的萨利安王朝和霍亨斯陶芬王朝;帝国和教皇之间的关系日益恶化;以及德国身份的发展。它始于早期的撒利亚国王康拉德二世(公元1024-39年)和亨利三世(公元1039-56年)，他们实现了帝国的巩固和教会的改革。在亨利四世(1056-1106年)和亨利五世(1106-25年)统治期间，与教皇的冲突有所增加。霍亨斯陶芬王朝继承了奥托尼亚和萨利安王朝的帝国野心，但随着意大利问题的日益增多，这个王朝在1250年腓特烈二世去世后以失败告终。

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5. The early modern empire (2) 5. 早期现代帝国(2)

The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction

Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198748762.003.0006

J. Whaley

The Thirty Years War was a disaster for much of the empire, yet the post-war era provided new opportunities and developments, which all contributed to the extraordinary cultural vitality of the German lands, manifest especially in the literary, musical, and philosophical achievements of the 18th and early 19th centuries. ‘The early modern empire (2): from the Peace of Westphalia to 1806’ outlines the empire’s revival after 1648 and the external threats that helped maintain its solidarity—the Ottoman wars, hostilities with France, and conflicts with Sweden in the north. It concludes with the French Revolution and Napoleon, whose insistence on the abdication of Francis II resulted in the dissolution of the empire in 1806.

三十年战争对德意志帝国的大部分地区来说是一场灾难，但战后时代提供了新的机遇和发展，这一切都为德意志土地带来了非凡的文化活力，特别是在18世纪和19世纪初的文学、音乐和哲学成就上表现得尤为明显。“早期现代帝国(2):从威斯特伐利亚和约到1806年”概述了1648年后帝国的复兴，以及帮助维持其团结的外部威胁——奥斯曼战争、与法国的敌对行动，以及与瑞典北部的冲突。它以法国大革命和拿破仑结束，拿破仑坚持让弗朗西斯二世退位，导致了1806年帝国的解体。

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1. Roman Empire and German kingdom 1. 罗马帝国和日耳曼王国

The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction

Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198748762.003.0002

J. Whaley

‘Roman Empire and German kingdom: from Charlemagne to the Ottonians’ describes the period of time after the decline of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the Germanic tribes of the Franks on its north-western periphery through to the reign of Henry of Bavaria, whose death in 1024 ended the Ottonian dynasty. Charlemagne’s reign and the Carolingians are described, followed by the eastern kingdom of the Franks, which under the rule of the sons of Louis the German (r. 843–76) developed a distinct sense of identity. The Saxon-German kingdom; the kingdom of Italy; Otto I’s imperial rule in Germany; and the new aspirations of Otto II and Otto III are also outlined.

《罗马帝国和日耳曼王国:从查理曼大帝到奥斯曼帝国》描述了罗马帝国衰亡和法兰克人的日耳曼部落在其西北边缘建立之后的一段时间，一直到巴伐利亚的亨利统治时期，他于1024年去世，结束了奥斯曼王朝。查理曼大帝的统治和加洛林王朝被描述，其次是法兰克人的东部王国，在路易的儿子的统治下，德国人(r. 843-76)发展了一种独特的认同感。撒克逊-日耳曼王国;意大利王国;奥托一世在德国的帝国统治;并概述了奥托二世和奥托三世的新愿望。

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