Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzae011
Gareth S. Powell, Natalie A. Saxton, Alexandra G. Duffy, Seth M Bybee, Stephen L Cameron, Andrew R Cline, Thomas C McElrath, M. Gimmel, Jerald B. Johnson, R. Leschen, P. Skelley, Nicole L Gunter
Adaptive zones are defined as ecological opportunities for lineages to diversify. Cucujoid beetles provide a unique system to investigate adaptive zones, specifically the interplay between factors that may predict diversity and mechanisms such as competition that may limit diversification. Using a taxon-rich, time -calibrated phylogeny of cucujoid beetles, we report clade ages in conjunction with estimated ages for major shifts in feeding ecology within this group. With these ages, we calculate the delay in time-to-colonization of food resources compared with the extant diversity of each group. We uncovered a pattern of increased lineage diversity specifically with shifts to novel food resources likely devoid of competition from other cucujoid beetles. Neither diversity of the food resource, age of the food resource, or age of the beetle lineage were able to predict species diversity of these groups. Our results provide evidence that shifting to a resource first is a strong predictor of extant diversity.
{"title":"Repeated feeding guild evolution: the impact of competition on diversification","authors":"Gareth S. Powell, Natalie A. Saxton, Alexandra G. Duffy, Seth M Bybee, Stephen L Cameron, Andrew R Cline, Thomas C McElrath, M. Gimmel, Jerald B. Johnson, R. Leschen, P. Skelley, Nicole L Gunter","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzae011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzae011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Adaptive zones are defined as ecological opportunities for lineages to diversify. Cucujoid beetles provide a unique system to investigate adaptive zones, specifically the interplay between factors that may predict diversity and mechanisms such as competition that may limit diversification. Using a taxon-rich, time -calibrated phylogeny of cucujoid beetles, we report clade ages in conjunction with estimated ages for major shifts in feeding ecology within this group. With these ages, we calculate the delay in time-to-colonization of food resources compared with the extant diversity of each group. We uncovered a pattern of increased lineage diversity specifically with shifts to novel food resources likely devoid of competition from other cucujoid beetles. Neither diversity of the food resource, age of the food resource, or age of the beetle lineage were able to predict species diversity of these groups. Our results provide evidence that shifting to a resource first is a strong predictor of extant diversity.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzae003
Roger K Butlin, Rui Faria
The speciation process often takes a long time. The speciation continuum framework has been useful to reconstruct the evolutionary processes that result in the formation of new species but defining when this continuum starts is far from trivial. Although a panmictic population is often considered the initial condition of speciation, this is unrealistic for almost all species. Local or divergent adaptation are viewed by many researchers as processes that shape intraspecific diversity and thus are not part of speciation. We propose that speciation starts when reproductive isolation becomes greater than zero, arguing in favor of the alternative view that local adaptation necessarily involves some reproductive isolation, independently of whether it results in the completion of speciation. Given that local adaptation is widespread, the consequence is that most species are constantly in the process of speciating. The process of speciation is best represented as the formation of separate subnetworks, defined by reproductive isolation, within extended and fluid spatial networks of populations.
{"title":"Local adaptation and reproductive isolation: when does speciation start?","authors":"Roger K Butlin, Rui Faria","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzae003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The speciation process often takes a long time. The speciation continuum framework has been useful to reconstruct the evolutionary processes that result in the formation of new species but defining when this continuum starts is far from trivial. Although a panmictic population is often considered the initial condition of speciation, this is unrealistic for almost all species. Local or divergent adaptation are viewed by many researchers as processes that shape intraspecific diversity and thus are not part of speciation. We propose that speciation starts when reproductive isolation becomes greater than zero, arguing in favor of the alternative view that local adaptation necessarily involves some reproductive isolation, independently of whether it results in the completion of speciation. Given that local adaptation is widespread, the consequence is that most species are constantly in the process of speciating. The process of speciation is best represented as the formation of separate subnetworks, defined by reproductive isolation, within extended and fluid spatial networks of populations.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"115 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140679496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzae004
Spencer C H Barrett, Alice L M Fairnie
Morphological asymmetries in plants and animals raise intriguing questions concerning their function and how they have evolved. One of the most conspicuous asymmetries in plants involve mirror-image flowers (enantiostyly) in which styles are deflected to either the left- or right-sides (L, or R, respectively) of the flower. Species with this floral polymorphism often possess two types of stamens (heteranthery); centrally located feeding anthers and a pollinating anther orientated in the opposite direction to the style (reciprocal enantiostyly). However, some species lack heteranthery and sex-organ reciprocity can be partial or absent (non-reciprocal enantiostyly). Many enanatiostylous species have nectarless flowers and are ‘buzz-pollinated’ by pollen-collecting bees. In contrast to other stylar polymorphisms such as heterostyly, enantiostyly exists as either monomorphic or dimorphic conditions; with L and R flowers on the same plant in the former, and in the latter genetically determined floral morphs with either L or R flowers. Enantiostyly has been reliably reported from 11 angiosperm families, but in only two is their convincing evidence that dimorphic enantiostyly occurs. Various hypotheses concerning developmental or selective constraints attempt to explain the rarity of this genetic polymorphism. Experimental studies on the function of enantiostyly indicate that the reciprocity of stigmas and pollinating anthers promotes pollinator-mediated cross-pollination and limits geitonogamous selfing. Insufficient or inferior pollinator service can result in the evolutionary breakdown of enantiostyly, including reduced stigma-anther separation, increased selfing and dissolution of heteranthery. In this article we review recent advances and knowledge gaps in understanding of these curious asymmetries and discuss why they have received less attention than heterostyly.
植物和动物的形态不对称现象引发了有关其功能和进化过程的有趣问题。植物中最明显的不对称现象之一是镜像花（对映花），花柱偏向花的左侧或右侧（分别为 L 或 R）。具有这种花多态性的物种通常拥有两种雄蕊（异花雄蕊）；位于中央的哺育花药和与花柱方向相反的授粉花药（对映雄蕊）。不过，有些物种缺乏异型花药，性器官互生可能是部分或不存在（非互生对映体）。许多对映体物种的花不采蜜，由采集花粉的蜜蜂进行 "嗡嗡授粉"。与其他花柱多态性（如异型花柱）不同的是，对映花柱存在单态或二态情况；前者是在同一植株上开 L 花和 R 花，后者是由基因决定的花形态，要么开 L 花，要么开 R 花。11 个被子植物科都有可靠的对映体报道，但只有两个科有令人信服的证据表明存在二态的对映体。有关发育或选择性限制的各种假说试图解释这种遗传多态性的罕见性。关于对映体功能的实验研究表明，柱头和授粉花药的互作促进了授粉者介导的异花授粉，限制了同株异花的自花授粉。传粉媒介服务不足或低劣会导致对映体的进化崩溃，包括柱头-花药分离减少、自花授粉增加和异花授粉解体。在这篇文章中，我们回顾了在了解这些奇特的不对称现象方面的最新进展和知识差距，并讨论了为什么它们受到的关注比异花授粉少。
{"title":"The neglected floral polymorphism: mirror-image flowers emerge from the shadow of heterostyly","authors":"Spencer C H Barrett, Alice L M Fairnie","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzae004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzae004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Morphological asymmetries in plants and animals raise intriguing questions concerning their function and how they have evolved. One of the most conspicuous asymmetries in plants involve mirror-image flowers (enantiostyly) in which styles are deflected to either the left- or right-sides (L, or R, respectively) of the flower. Species with this floral polymorphism often possess two types of stamens (heteranthery); centrally located feeding anthers and a pollinating anther orientated in the opposite direction to the style (reciprocal enantiostyly). However, some species lack heteranthery and sex-organ reciprocity can be partial or absent (non-reciprocal enantiostyly). Many enanatiostylous species have nectarless flowers and are ‘buzz-pollinated’ by pollen-collecting bees. In contrast to other stylar polymorphisms such as heterostyly, enantiostyly exists as either monomorphic or dimorphic conditions; with L and R flowers on the same plant in the former, and in the latter genetically determined floral morphs with either L or R flowers. Enantiostyly has been reliably reported from 11 angiosperm families, but in only two is their convincing evidence that dimorphic enantiostyly occurs. Various hypotheses concerning developmental or selective constraints attempt to explain the rarity of this genetic polymorphism. Experimental studies on the function of enantiostyly indicate that the reciprocity of stigmas and pollinating anthers promotes pollinator-mediated cross-pollination and limits geitonogamous selfing. Insufficient or inferior pollinator service can result in the evolutionary breakdown of enantiostyly, including reduced stigma-anther separation, increased selfing and dissolution of heteranthery. In this article we review recent advances and knowledge gaps in understanding of these curious asymmetries and discuss why they have received less attention than heterostyly.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"1 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140681212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzae002
V. García‐Navas, Martin Stervander, P. Alström
Larks (Alaudidae) constitute one of the avian families best adapted to xeric environments, having colonized a wide suite of open habitats including deserts. Although their highest diversity is in Africa, larks occur on all non-polar continents. We tested whether larks exhibit exceptional and/or correlated shifts in the tempos of speciation and ecological trait diversification in the face of open ecological space. We employed a near-complete phylogeny and a morphological dataset including several recently recognized species. We found homogeneity in diversification dynamics across the family and evidence for a diversity-dependent slowdown in cladogenesis, which indicates that Alaudidae may approach their “ecological limit”. We did not observe an early-burst in phenotypic diversification, as would be expected in a “classic” adaptive radiation. Our findings suggest that larks’ morphology show a high level of evolutionary conservatism and overall lack ecomorphological convergence: ecological variables (diet and habitat) —which by contrast display a higher lability— explain little of shape/size variation except beak shape. Both adaptation to aridity and dietary transitions have evolved independently in multiple lineages across subfamilies. This study supports the idea that continental radiations in open habitats may reach an equilibrium faster in comparison with those in tropical forests, due to differences in ecological opportunities.
{"title":"Diversification history and morphological evolution of larks","authors":"V. García‐Navas, Martin Stervander, P. Alström","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzae002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Larks (Alaudidae) constitute one of the avian families best adapted to xeric environments, having colonized a wide suite of open habitats including deserts. Although their highest diversity is in Africa, larks occur on all non-polar continents. We tested whether larks exhibit exceptional and/or correlated shifts in the tempos of speciation and ecological trait diversification in the face of open ecological space. We employed a near-complete phylogeny and a morphological dataset including several recently recognized species. We found homogeneity in diversification dynamics across the family and evidence for a diversity-dependent slowdown in cladogenesis, which indicates that Alaudidae may approach their “ecological limit”. We did not observe an early-burst in phenotypic diversification, as would be expected in a “classic” adaptive radiation. Our findings suggest that larks’ morphology show a high level of evolutionary conservatism and overall lack ecomorphological convergence: ecological variables (diet and habitat) —which by contrast display a higher lability— explain little of shape/size variation except beak shape. Both adaptation to aridity and dietary transitions have evolved independently in multiple lineages across subfamilies. This study supports the idea that continental radiations in open habitats may reach an equilibrium faster in comparison with those in tropical forests, due to differences in ecological opportunities.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"152 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140480365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzad007
Pierre Lacoste, Mathieu Chouteau, Ludovic Maisonneuve, Rémi Mauxion, Mathieu Joron, M. McClure
An important question in evolution is to understand the mechanisms that maintain phenotypic diversity, despite selection that should drive homogeneity. For example, selection by predators may promote the convergence of colour patterns among defended prey, resulting in the formation of mimetic communities. However, certain aposematic species, such as the Neotropical butterfly Heliconius numata, are polymorphic. In H. numata, wing pattern polymorphism, which is associated with chromosomal inversions, may be maintained via disassortative mating preferences, thought to favour the co-occurrence of individuals with different mimicry phenotypes in Peru. To test whether environmental variation due to geography influence the mate choice, we investigate the occurrence of disassortative mating among the two co-existing forms of H. numata in French Guiana, and its potential role in the maintenance of this polymorphism. Our experimental approach demonstrates that the two forms display weak and slightly asymmetrical disassortative mate preferences. Modelling and simulations suggest that this pattern of mate preference alone is not sufficient to maintain polymorphism, and predict the loss of the choosiest form, unless this form enjoys a survival advantage. In this aposematic species, such an advantage could arise from mimicry, but further studies into the benefits of mimicry and predator generalization are needed to test this hypothesis. More importantly, our results suggest that the balance between selective forces influencing polymorphism may vary across geographic and ecological contexts, and this warrants further study.
进化过程中的一个重要问题是了解维持表型多样性的机制，尽管选择本应驱动同质性。例如，捕食者的选择可能会促进被保护猎物的颜色模式趋同，从而形成拟态群落。然而，某些具有拟态特征的物种，如新热带蝴蝶Heliconius numata，具有多态性。在H. numata中，翅膀图案的多态性与染色体倒位有关，可能通过非雌雄同体的交配偏好来维持，这种偏好被认为有利于秘鲁不同拟态表型个体的共同出现。为了检验地理环境的变化是否会影响交配选择，我们研究了法属圭亚那两种共存形式的 H. numata 之间的非雌雄同体交配现象，以及它在维持这种多态性中的潜在作用。我们的实验方法表明，这两种形式的楠竹表现出微弱且略微不对称的非雌雄同体交配偏好。建模和模拟结果表明，仅凭这种配偶偏好模式不足以维持多态性，并预测最挑剔的形态会消失，除非这种形态具有生存优势。在这种雌雄同体的物种中，这种优势可能来自模仿，但要验证这一假设，还需要进一步研究模仿和捕食者泛化的益处。更重要的是，我们的研究结果表明，影响多态性的选择性力量之间的平衡可能因地理和生态环境而异，这值得进一步研究。
{"title":"Geographically variable mate preferences shed light on the processes maintaining inversion polymorphism","authors":"Pierre Lacoste, Mathieu Chouteau, Ludovic Maisonneuve, Rémi Mauxion, Mathieu Joron, M. McClure","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzad007","url":null,"abstract":"An important question in evolution is to understand the mechanisms that maintain phenotypic diversity, despite selection that should drive homogeneity. For example, selection by predators may promote the convergence of colour patterns among defended prey, resulting in the formation of mimetic communities. However, certain aposematic species, such as the Neotropical butterfly Heliconius numata, are polymorphic. In H. numata, wing pattern polymorphism, which is associated with chromosomal inversions, may be maintained via disassortative mating preferences, thought to favour the co-occurrence of individuals with different mimicry phenotypes in Peru. To test whether environmental variation due to geography influence the mate choice, we investigate the occurrence of disassortative mating among the two co-existing forms of H. numata in French Guiana, and its potential role in the maintenance of this polymorphism. Our experimental approach demonstrates that the two forms display weak and slightly asymmetrical disassortative mate preferences. Modelling and simulations suggest that this pattern of mate preference alone is not sufficient to maintain polymorphism, and predict the loss of the choosiest form, unless this form enjoys a survival advantage. In this aposematic species, such an advantage could arise from mimicry, but further studies into the benefits of mimicry and predator generalization are needed to test this hypothesis. More importantly, our results suggest that the balance between selective forces influencing polymorphism may vary across geographic and ecological contexts, and this warrants further study.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"57 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-20DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzad003
D. Jablonski, S. Edie
{"title":"Perfect storms shape biodiversity in time and space","authors":"D. Jablonski, S. Edie","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzad003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127023609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzad002
Sean Stankowski, Zuzanna Zagrodzka, J. Galindo, Mauricio Montaño-Rendón, R. Faria, N. Mikhailova, A. Blakeslee, E. Árnason, T. Broquet, Hernán E. Morales, J. Grahame, A. Westram, K. Johannesson, R. Butlin
Understanding the factors that have shaped the current distributions and diversity of species is a central and longstanding aim of evolutionary biology. The recent inclusion of genomic data into phylogeographic studies has dramatically improved our understanding in organisms where evolutionary relationships have been challenging to infer. We used whole-genome sequences to study the phylogeography of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis, which has successfully colonized and diversified across a broad range of coastal environments in the northern hemisphere amid repeated cycles of glaciation. Building on past studies based on short DNA sequences, we used genome-wide data to provide a clearer picture of the relationships among samples spanning most of the species natural range. Our results confirm the trans-Atlantic colonization of North America from Europe, and have allowed us to identify rough locations of glacial refugia and to infer likely routes of colonization within Europe. We also investigated the signals in different datasets to account for the effects of genomic architecture and non-neutral evolution, which provides new insights about diversification of four ecotypes of L. saxatilis (the crab, wave, barnacle and brackish ecotypes) at different spatial scales. Overall, we provide a much clearer picture of the biogeography of L. saxatilis, providing a foundation for more detailed phylogenomic and demographic studies.
{"title":"Whole-genome phylogeography of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis","authors":"Sean Stankowski, Zuzanna Zagrodzka, J. Galindo, Mauricio Montaño-Rendón, R. Faria, N. Mikhailova, A. Blakeslee, E. Árnason, T. Broquet, Hernán E. Morales, J. Grahame, A. Westram, K. Johannesson, R. Butlin","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzad002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Understanding the factors that have shaped the current distributions and diversity of species is a central and longstanding aim of evolutionary biology. The recent inclusion of genomic data into phylogeographic studies has dramatically improved our understanding in organisms where evolutionary relationships have been challenging to infer. We used whole-genome sequences to study the phylogeography of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis, which has successfully colonized and diversified across a broad range of coastal environments in the northern hemisphere amid repeated cycles of glaciation. Building on past studies based on short DNA sequences, we used genome-wide data to provide a clearer picture of the relationships among samples spanning most of the species natural range. Our results confirm the trans-Atlantic colonization of North America from Europe, and have allowed us to identify rough locations of glacial refugia and to infer likely routes of colonization within Europe. We also investigated the signals in different datasets to account for the effects of genomic architecture and non-neutral evolution, which provides new insights about diversification of four ecotypes of L. saxatilis (the crab, wave, barnacle and brackish ecotypes) at different spatial scales. Overall, we provide a much clearer picture of the biogeography of L. saxatilis, providing a foundation for more detailed phylogenomic and demographic studies.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114460716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-14DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzad001
M. Timmermans, H. Prabha, S. Kett
A large proportion of arthropods carry maternally-inherited endosymbiotic bacteria with which they have developed close relationships. Some of these endosymbionts are selfish genetic elements and manipulate their hosts’ reproduction to their own advantage, for example via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) or male killing. Here we report that the sexually reproducing collembolan Anurida maritima carries two endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) and provide genome sequences for both bacteria. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that the Wolbachia belong to the A supergroup and that the Spiroplasma are sister to the Citri-Chrysopicola-Mirum lineage. A. maritima is considered a species group and consists of at least two distinct genetic lineages. We show that both lineages carry both endosymbionts. No homologs of the Spiroplasma male-killing gene SpAID were observed within our datasets. Homologs of the male-killing associated wmk and the CI inducing cifA and cifB prophage genes were detected in the Wolbachia genome. Phylogenetic analyses placed the cif genes in the poorly characterised Type V clade. The cifA and cifB gene sequences of the two Anurida lineages are identical. It therefore seems unlikely that the genetic divergence within the species group stems from cifA and cifB induced CI. Laboratory controlled genetic crosses and sex ratio studies will be needed to reveal any potential effect of the two endosymbionts on A. maritima’s reproduction.
{"title":"Wolbachia and Spiroplasma endosymbionts in the Anurida maritima (Collembola) species group","authors":"M. Timmermans, H. Prabha, S. Kett","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzad001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A large proportion of arthropods carry maternally-inherited endosymbiotic bacteria with which they have developed close relationships. Some of these endosymbionts are selfish genetic elements and manipulate their hosts’ reproduction to their own advantage, for example via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) or male killing. Here we report that the sexually reproducing collembolan Anurida maritima carries two endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) and provide genome sequences for both bacteria. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that the Wolbachia belong to the A supergroup and that the Spiroplasma are sister to the Citri-Chrysopicola-Mirum lineage. A. maritima is considered a species group and consists of at least two distinct genetic lineages. We show that both lineages carry both endosymbionts. No homologs of the Spiroplasma male-killing gene SpAID were observed within our datasets. Homologs of the male-killing associated wmk and the CI inducing cifA and cifB prophage genes were detected in the Wolbachia genome. Phylogenetic analyses placed the cif genes in the poorly characterised Type V clade. The cifA and cifB gene sequences of the two Anurida lineages are identical. It therefore seems unlikely that the genetic divergence within the species group stems from cifA and cifB induced CI. Laboratory controlled genetic crosses and sex ratio studies will be needed to reveal any potential effect of the two endosymbionts on A. maritima’s reproduction.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126547075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzac002
S. Dodsworth
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Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1093/evolinnean/kzac001
Emmanuel F A Toussaint FLS, M. Braby, C. Müller, Kelly M. Dexter, Caroline G. Storer, David J. Lohman, A. Kawahara
Australia was predominantly tropical for most of the early Cenozoic, then transitioned to a cooler and drier climate in the Oligocene. In response to this increasing aridity, some lineages adapted to more xeric ecosystems, contracted, or became restricted to increasingly fragmented mesic refugia, or went extinct. Yet, the lack of macroevolutionary studies at a continental scale precludes a better understanding of Australian biodiversity patterns and processes during the Cenozoic. Here, we infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree for a radiation of Australian endemic butterflies, the Trapezitinae skippers, to test the impact of biotic and abiotic drivers on Cenozoic diversification dynamics in Australia. These butterflies originated during the Eocene (ca. 42 Ma) in the mesic biome of Australia. Trapezitinae exploded in diversity during a cool, dry period in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, then experienced a sharp deceleration in speciation. Xeric ecosystems appear to have been colonized more recently, supporting the hypothesis of arid and semi-arid biomes as evolutionary sinks. Temperature-dependent and phytophagy-dependent diversification models received little support. Instead, we find evidence for diversity-dependent processes with a declining diversification in Trapezitinae likely linked to limited ecological opportunities following a rapid initial burst of diversification.
{"title":"Explosive Cenozoic origin and diversity-dependent diversification dynamics shaped the evolution of Australian skipper butterflies","authors":"Emmanuel F A Toussaint FLS, M. Braby, C. Müller, Kelly M. Dexter, Caroline G. Storer, David J. Lohman, A. Kawahara","doi":"10.1093/evolinnean/kzac001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evolinnean/kzac001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Australia was predominantly tropical for most of the early Cenozoic, then transitioned to a cooler and drier climate in the Oligocene. In response to this increasing aridity, some lineages adapted to more xeric ecosystems, contracted, or became restricted to increasingly fragmented mesic refugia, or went extinct. Yet, the lack of macroevolutionary studies at a continental scale precludes a better understanding of Australian biodiversity patterns and processes during the Cenozoic. Here, we infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree for a radiation of Australian endemic butterflies, the Trapezitinae skippers, to test the impact of biotic and abiotic drivers on Cenozoic diversification dynamics in Australia. These butterflies originated during the Eocene (ca. 42 Ma) in the mesic biome of Australia. Trapezitinae exploded in diversity during a cool, dry period in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, then experienced a sharp deceleration in speciation. Xeric ecosystems appear to have been colonized more recently, supporting the hypothesis of arid and semi-arid biomes as evolutionary sinks. Temperature-dependent and phytophagy-dependent diversification models received little support. Instead, we find evidence for diversity-dependent processes with a declining diversification in Trapezitinae likely linked to limited ecological opportunities following a rapid initial burst of diversification.","PeriodicalId":211680,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123437052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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