Pub Date : 2020-04-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0005
Andrew Chittick
This section has established that medieval East Asia did in fact have a discourse of ethnicity. Environmental determinism, which dominated the conceptualization of cultural variation in the medieval Sinosphere, was certainly not the same as the modern concept of ethnicity, but it is comparable in its “harder” forms, in which geographically determined cultural characteristics were regarded as inbred, inherent, and immutable, and almost always as inferior. In the Central Plains from the third to the sixth centuries, the discourse of environmental determinism saw a significant drift toward these “harder” forms, strengthening ethnic discourse and facilitating the ethnicization of cultural Others....
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Pub Date : 2020-04-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0014
Andrew Chittick
In the introduction to this section I observed that, even though all three repertoires were deployed simultaneously, it is possible describe the evolution of the Jiankang throne’s preferential deployment of them over the course of four hundred years. In concluding the section, I review that history and consider the reasons the throne chose to present itself in the ways that it did....
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Pub Date : 2020-04-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0004
Andrew Chittick
Chapter 4, “Vernacular Languages,” offers the second of two case studies in the ethnicization of cultural features of the Wuren. Using the results of modern linguistic studies, the chapter shows that the vernacular spoken languages of the Jiankang Empire have a substantial, perhaps predominant, non-Sinitic basis, most importantly in the Austro-Asiatic family (along with Mon and Khmer, among others). These languages were recognized as decisively foreign by people of the Central Plains. Within the empire, the polyglot linguistic situation in the fifth and sixth centuries was addressed by the use of one of two common spoken tongues, either Jiankang Elite vernacular (the most Sinitic language within the empire) for the educated class, or, to a much lesser but still significant extent, Chu vernacular among the military.
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Pub Date : 2020-04-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0009
Andrew Chittick
Section 2 has demonstrated that the political culture of the Jiankang Empire was sharply different from that of the Central Plains, which was the core region of all other large medieval East Asian empires. Jiankang’s political culture can be seen as a distinctive expression of the proto-ethnic identity of the people who dominated the empire, mostly Churen and Wuren. Elite Zhongren migrants from the Central Plains dominated the court only during a part of the fourth century, and their influence waned from then straight through to the end of the sixth century. Instead, the locally rooted garrison culture of the military and the merchant class was the primary driver and innovator in both politics and the economy....
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Pub Date : 2020-04-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0006
Andrew Chittick
Chapter 5, “Marking Territory: The Militarization of the Huai Frontier,” maps the natural geography of the Huai frontier that divided the Jiankang Empire from the Sino-steppe regimes of the Central Plains, and details the evolution of the frontier as a militarized space. The strategic objectives of the Jiankang Empire’s military are shown to have been focused on defense of the homeland, rather than reconquest of the Central Plains and the “reunification of China.” The chapter then looks at the development of ethnicizing discourse directed toward the peoples of the Sino-steppe empires: the Sarbi rulers and the Zhongren populace of the Central Plains. While the former were often seen as ethnic Others, the latter were viewed from a perspective in which people of different regions did not have inherently civilized or barbarous natures, but gained or lost civilization as a result of good or bad governance. This made it a much less ethnicizing discourse than what predominated in the Central Plains.
{"title":"Marking Territory","authors":"Andrew Chittick","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190937546.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5, “Marking Territory: The Militarization of the Huai Frontier,” maps the natural geography of the Huai frontier that divided the Jiankang Empire from the Sino-steppe regimes of the Central Plains, and details the evolution of the frontier as a militarized space. The strategic objectives of the Jiankang Empire’s military are shown to have been focused on defense of the homeland, rather than reconquest of the Central Plains and the “reunification of China.” The chapter then looks at the development of ethnicizing discourse directed toward the peoples of the Sino-steppe empires: the Sarbi rulers and the Zhongren populace of the Central Plains. While the former were often seen as ethnic Others, the latter were viewed from a perspective in which people of different regions did not have inherently civilized or barbarous natures, but gained or lost civilization as a result of good or bad governance. This made it a much less ethnicizing discourse than what predominated in the Central Plains.","PeriodicalId":213792,"journal":{"name":"The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124115067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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