Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_014
{"title":"Consequences of the Thesis Advanced in this Book","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004481831_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004481831_014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220542,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128270209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_010
{"title":"Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Illegal?","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004481831_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004481831_010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220542,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128613386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_013
Soshichi Uchii
The problems of the social responsibility of the scientist became a subject of public debate after the World War II in Japan, thanks to the activities and publications of Yukawa and Tomonaga. And such authors as J. Karaki, M.Taketani, Y. Murakami, and S. Fujinaga continued discussion in their books. However, many people seem to be still unaware of the most important source of these problems. As I see it, one of the most important treatments of these problems was the Franck Report (June 11, 1945) submitted to the US government by James Franck (chairman) toward the end of the war. This Report contains many important ideas and suggestions as regards the responsibility of the scientist, the morality of the use of atomic bombs, the prospective nuclear armaments race, and the possibility of international control of nuclear power. However, I should like to concentrate only on the first topic in this paper. Why did Franck and his committee at Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago feel the urgent need for writing and submitting this Report? According to the Report, "in the past, scientists could disclaim direct responsibility for the use to which mankind had put their disinterested discoveries. We cannot take the same attitude now because the success which we have achieved in the development of nuclear power is fraught with infinitely greater dangers than were all the inventions of the past." (I. Preamble) This passage seems to contain the crux of our problem: These scientists clearly recognize the "new" responsibility for them, and the ground of this responsibility is also clear enough; i.e., when a new scientific discovery or invention turns out to have grave bearings on human interests, the scientists who became aware of that are responsible for notifying people of this and advise to look for suitable means for avoiding prospective dangers. In the rest of the paper, I elaborate the reasoning behind the preceding passage, and confirm that basically the same idea and reasoning has been repeated and developed in Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955), by Pugwash Conferences (first in 1957), by Tomogana, and by Rotblat (the long-time Secretary of Pugwash, who received the Nobel Peace Prize together with the Conference in 1995).
第二次世界大战后，由于汤川和友永的活动和出版，科学家的社会责任问题在日本成为公众辩论的主题。像J. Karaki, M.Taketani, Y. Murakami和S. Fujinaga这样的作家在他们的书中继续讨论。然而，许多人似乎仍然没有意识到这些问题的最重要的根源。在我看来，对这些问题最重要的处理方法之一是詹姆斯·弗兰克(主席)在战争即将结束时提交给美国政府的弗兰克报告(1945年6月11日)。这份报告包含了许多重要的观点和建议，包括科学家的责任、使用原子弹的道德、未来的核军备竞赛以及国际控制核能的可能性。然而，我只想集中讨论本文的第一个主题。为什么弗兰克和他在芝加哥大学冶金实验室的委员会感到迫切需要撰写和提交这份报告?根据该报告，“在过去，科学家可以不为人类利用他们无私的发现承担直接责任。我们现在不能采取同样的态度，因为我们在发展核能方面取得的成功充满了比过去所有发明都要大得多的危险。”这段话似乎包含了我们问题的关键:这些科学家清楚地认识到他们的“新”责任，这种责任的根据也足够明确;例如，当一项新的科学发现或发明被证明对人类利益有重大影响时，意识到这一点的科学家有责任通知人们，并建议寻找合适的方法来避免潜在的危险。在本文的其余部分，我详细阐述了前面段落背后的推理，并确认基本上相同的想法和推理在罗素-爱因斯坦宣言(1955年)、帕格沃什会议(1957年首次)、托莫加纳和罗特布拉特(帕格沃什的长期秘书，1995年与帕格沃什会议一起获得诺贝尔和平奖)中得到了重复和发展。
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Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_012
{"title":"The Concept of Personal Responsibility in International Law","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004481831_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004481831_012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220542,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126232502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_009
{"title":"The Origin and Current Status of the International Law of War","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004481831_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004481831_009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220542,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130756907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004481831_011
{"title":"Is the Manufacture of Nuclear Weapons Illegal?","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004481831_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004481831_011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":220542,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127284647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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