Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager
Saber‐tooths, extinct apex predators with long and blade‐like upper canines, have appeared iteratively at least five times in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Although saber‐tooths exhibit a relatively diverse range of morphologies, it is widely accepted that all killed their prey using the same predatory behavior. In this study, we CT‐scanned the skull of Barbourofelis fricki and compared its cranial mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA) with that of Smilodon fatalis. Our aim was to investigate potential variations in killing behavior between two dirk‐toothed sabretooths from the Miocene and Pleistocene of North America. The study revealed that B. fricki had a stoutly‐built skull capable of withstanding stress in various prey‐killing scenarios, while the skull of S. fatalis appeared less optimized for supporting stress, which highlights the highly derived saber‐tooth morphology of the former. The results may indicate that B. fricki was more of a generalist in prey‐killing compared to S. fatalis, which experiences lower stresses under stabbing loads. We hypothesize that morphological specialization in saber‐tooths does not necessarily indicate ecological specialization. Our results support the notion that morphological convergence among saber‐toothed cats may obscure differences in hunting strategies employed to dispatch their prey. Our findings challenge the assumption of the universally assumed canine‐shear biting as the prey‐killing behavior of all saber‐toothed cats. However, further research involving a wider range of dirk and scimitar‐toothed forms could provide additional insights into the diversity of cranial biomechanics within this fascinating group of extinct mammalian predators.
{"title":"Comparing cranial biomechanics between Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis: Is there a universal killing‐bite among saber‐toothed predators?","authors":"Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager","doi":"10.1002/ar.25451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25451","url":null,"abstract":"Saber‐tooths, extinct apex predators with long and blade‐like upper canines, have appeared iteratively at least five times in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Although saber‐tooths exhibit a relatively diverse range of morphologies, it is widely accepted that all killed their prey using the same predatory behavior. In this study, we CT‐scanned the skull of <jats:italic>Barbourofelis fricki</jats:italic> and compared its cranial mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA) with that of <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis</jats:italic>. Our aim was to investigate potential variations in killing behavior between two dirk‐toothed sabretooths from the Miocene and Pleistocene of North America. The study revealed that <jats:italic>B. fricki</jats:italic> had a stoutly‐built skull capable of withstanding stress in various prey‐killing scenarios, while the skull of <jats:italic>S. fatalis</jats:italic> appeared less optimized for supporting stress, which highlights the highly derived saber‐tooth morphology of the former. The results may indicate that <jats:italic>B. fricki</jats:italic> was more of a generalist in prey‐killing compared to <jats:italic>S. fatalis</jats:italic>, which experiences lower stresses under stabbing loads. We hypothesize that morphological specialization in saber‐tooths does not necessarily indicate ecological specialization. Our results support the notion that morphological convergence among saber‐toothed cats may obscure differences in hunting strategies employed to dispatch their prey. Our findings challenge the assumption of the universally assumed canine‐shear biting as the prey‐killing behavior of all saber‐toothed cats. However, further research involving a wider range of dirk and scimitar‐toothed forms could provide additional insights into the diversity of cranial biomechanics within this fascinating group of extinct mammalian predators.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Guerrero, Francisco Ortega, Santiago Martín de Jesús, Adán Pérez‐García
Testudines are one of the best‐represented taxonomic groups among the Paleogene taxa of the Duero Basin (Castile and Leon Autonomous Community, central Spain). Among them, Neochelys (Podocnemidide) and Allaeochelys (Carettochelyidae) are most abundant, allowing the population to be assessed for osteological anomalies. The abundance of postcranial remains of both taxa allows us to identify several individuals with potential anomalies, mostly in their shells. Some of them have already been described in previous studies, but most of them are still unpublished. The objective of this study is to analyze in detail the anomalous Neochelys and Allaeochelys remains. As a result, different categories of causal agents (such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, or trauma) have been identified as potential producers of the anomalies in these freshwater turtles. Information regarding the pathogenesis and healing stages of some of these anomalies is provided.
{"title":"Postcranial anomalies of Eocene freshwater pleurodiran and cryptodiran turtles from the Spanish Duero Basin","authors":"Andrea Guerrero, Francisco Ortega, Santiago Martín de Jesús, Adán Pérez‐García","doi":"10.1002/ar.25443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25443","url":null,"abstract":"Testudines are one of the best‐represented taxonomic groups among the Paleogene taxa of the Duero Basin (Castile and Leon Autonomous Community, central Spain). Among them, <jats:italic>Neochelys</jats:italic> (Podocnemidide) and <jats:italic>Allaeochelys</jats:italic> (Carettochelyidae) are most abundant, allowing the population to be assessed for osteological anomalies. The abundance of postcranial remains of both taxa allows us to identify several individuals with potential anomalies, mostly in their shells. Some of them have already been described in previous studies, but most of them are still unpublished. The objective of this study is to analyze in detail the anomalous <jats:italic>Neochelys</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Allaeochelys</jats:italic> remains. As a result, different categories of causal agents (such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, or trauma) have been identified as potential producers of the anomalies in these freshwater turtles. Information regarding the pathogenesis and healing stages of some of these anomalies is provided.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayda Tavitian, Joseph Somech, Badrouyk Chamlian, Adrienne Liberman, Carmela Galindez, Hyman M. Schipper
Subtle craniofacial dysmorphology has been reported in schizophrenia patients. This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX10‐12m transgenic mice (Mus musculus) that overexpress heme oxygenase‐1 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia‐relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice and wild‐type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6–8 months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase‐1 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.
{"title":"Craniofacial anomalies in schizophrenia‐relevant GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice","authors":"Ayda Tavitian, Joseph Somech, Badrouyk Chamlian, Adrienne Liberman, Carmela Galindez, Hyman M. Schipper","doi":"10.1002/ar.25449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25449","url":null,"abstract":"Subtle craniofacial dysmorphology has been reported in schizophrenia patients. This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> transgenic mice (<jats:italic>Mus musculus</jats:italic>) that overexpress heme oxygenase‐1 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia‐relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> mice and wild‐type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6–8 months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase‐1 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0‐12m</jats:sup> mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez
Non‐mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low‐frequency hearing and low‐light conditions in the non‐mammalian cynodont Cistecynodon parvus, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three‐dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian Pachydectes elsi, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low‐energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of Moschognathus whaitsi. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles—a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.
{"title":"Early synapsids neurosensory diversity revealed by CT and synchrotron scanning","authors":"J. Benoit, R. Araujo, E. S. Lund, A. Bolton, T. Lafferty, Z. Macungo, V. Fernandez","doi":"10.1002/ar.25445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25445","url":null,"abstract":"Non‐mammaliaform synapsids (NMS) represent the closest relatives of today's mammals among the early amniotes. Exploring their brain and nervous system is key to understanding how mammals evolved. Here, using CT and Synchrotron scanning, we document for the first time three extreme cases of neurosensory and behavioral adaptations that probe into the wide range of unexpected NMS paleoneurological diversity. First, we describe adaptations to low‐frequency hearing and low‐light conditions in the non‐mammalian cynodont <jats:italic>Cistecynodon parvus</jats:italic>, supporting adaptations to an obligatory fossorial lifestyle. Second, we describe the uniquely complex and three‐dimensional maxillary canal morphology of the biarmosuchian <jats:italic>Pachydectes elsi</jats:italic>, which suggests that it may have used its cranial bosses for display or low‐energy combat. Finally, we introduce a paleopathology found in the skull of <jats:italic>Moschognathus whaitsi</jats:italic>. Since the specimen was not fully grown, this condition suggests the possibility that this species might have engaged in playful fighting as juveniles—a behavior that is both social and structured. Additionally, this paper discusses other evidence that could indicate that tapinocephalid dinocephalians were social animals, living and interacting closely with one another. Altogether, these examples evidence the wide range of diversity of neurological structures and complex behavior in NMS.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabertoothed mammalian predators, all now extinct, were almost exclusively feloid carnivorans (Eutheria, Placentalia): here a couple of extinct metatherian predators are considered in comparison with the placental sabertooths. Thylacosmilus (the “marsupial sabertooth”) and Thylacoleo (the “marsupial lion”) were both relatively large (puma‐sized) carnivores of the Plio‐Pleistocene in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia, respectively). Both carnivores have captured the public imagination, especially as predators that were somehow analogous to northern placental forms. But a more detailed consideration of their morphology shows that neither can be simply analogized with its supposed placental counterpart. While Thylacosmilus did indeed have saber‐like canines, many aspects of its anatomy show that it could not have killed prey in the manner proposed for the sabertoothed felids such as Smilodon. Rather than being an active predator, it may have been a specialized scavenger, using the hypertrophied canines to open carcasses, and perhaps deployed a large tongue to extract the innards. Thylacoleo lacked canines, and its supposedly “caniniform” incisors could not have acted like a felid's canines. Nevertheless, while its mode of dispatching its prey remains a subject for debate, it was clearly a powerful predator, likely to be capable of bringing down prey bigger than itself while hunting alone. In that regard, it may have filled the ecomorphological role proposed for placental sabertooths, and so despite the lack of canines can be nominated as the true “marsupial sabertooth” out of the two extinct taxa.
{"title":"Who was the real sabertooth predator: Thylacosmilus or Thylacoleo?","authors":"Christine M. Janis","doi":"10.1002/ar.25444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25444","url":null,"abstract":"Sabertoothed mammalian predators, all now extinct, were almost exclusively feloid carnivorans (Eutheria, Placentalia): here a couple of extinct metatherian predators are considered in comparison with the placental sabertooths. <jats:italic>Thylacosmilus</jats:italic> (the “marsupial sabertooth”) and <jats:italic>Thylacoleo</jats:italic> (the “marsupial lion”) were both relatively large (puma‐sized) carnivores of the Plio‐Pleistocene in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia, respectively). Both carnivores have captured the public imagination, especially as predators that were somehow analogous to northern placental forms. But a more detailed consideration of their morphology shows that neither can be simply analogized with its supposed placental counterpart. While <jats:italic>Thylacosmilus</jats:italic> did indeed have saber‐like canines, many aspects of its anatomy show that it could not have killed prey in the manner proposed for the sabertoothed felids such as <jats:italic>Smilodon</jats:italic>. Rather than being an active predator, it may have been a specialized scavenger, using the hypertrophied canines to open carcasses, and perhaps deployed a large tongue to extract the innards. <jats:italic>Thylacoleo</jats:italic> lacked canines, and its supposedly “caniniform” incisors could not have acted like a felid's canines. Nevertheless, while its mode of dispatching its prey remains a subject for debate, it was clearly a powerful predator, likely to be capable of bringing down prey bigger than itself while hunting alone. In that regard, it may have filled the ecomorphological role proposed for placental sabertooths, and so despite the lack of canines can be nominated as the true “marsupial sabertooth” out of the two extinct taxa.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The canine of saber‐toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid Smilodon fatalis. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross‐sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, S. fatalis canine cross‐sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross‐sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for >50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual‐canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.
{"title":"Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber‐toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis","authors":"Z. Jack Tseng","doi":"10.1002/ar.25447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25447","url":null,"abstract":"The canine of saber‐toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis</jats:italic>. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross‐sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, <jats:italic>S. fatalis</jats:italic> canine cross‐sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross‐sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for >50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual‐canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Fei, F. Peyrin, L. Malaval, L. Vico, M. Lafage-Proust
{"title":"Errata: Imaging and Quantitative Assessment of Long Bone Vascularization in the Adult Rat Using Microcomputed Tomography","authors":"J. Fei, F. Peyrin, L. Malaval, L. Vico, M. Lafage-Proust","doi":"10.1002/ar.21270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90450782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Diez-Fraile, S. Mussche, T. Berghe, M. Espeel, P. Vandenabeele, K. D’Herde
{"title":"Erratum: Expression of Calcium‐Sensing Receptor in Quail Granulosa Explants: A Key to Survival During Folliculogenesis","authors":"A. Diez-Fraile, S. Mussche, T. Berghe, M. Espeel, P. Vandenabeele, K. D’Herde","doi":"10.1002/ar.21177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87837762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1916-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0075426900090789
D. LITT., Vice-Presidents
SIR SIDNEY COLV1N, D.LITT. SIR ARTHUR EVANS, F.R.S., D.LITT., LL.D. MR. L. R. FARNELL, D.LITT. SIR J. G. FRAZER, LL.D., D.C.L. LIEUT.-COMMR. ERNEST GARDNER, R.N.V.R. PROF. PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D. MR. G. F. HILL. LIEUT.-COMMR. D. G. HOGARTH, R.N.V.R. PROF. HENRY JACKSON, O.M. MR. H. STUART JONES. SIR FREDERIC KENYON, K.C.B., D.LITT. PROF. GILBERT MURRAY. PROF. SIR W. M. RAMSAY D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., D.D. PROF. WILLIAM RIDGEWAY. SIR JOHN SANDYS, LITT.D. REV. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, LITT.D., D.LITT. MR A. HAMILTON SMITH. SIR CECIL HARCOURT-SMITH, LL.D. SIR CHARLES WALDSTEIN, LITT.D., PH.D., L.H.D.
{"title":"List of officers and members","authors":"D. LITT., Vice-Presidents","doi":"10.1017/S0075426900090789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075426900090789","url":null,"abstract":"SIR SIDNEY COLV1N, D.LITT. SIR ARTHUR EVANS, F.R.S., D.LITT., LL.D. MR. L. R. FARNELL, D.LITT. SIR J. G. FRAZER, LL.D., D.C.L. LIEUT.-COMMR. ERNEST GARDNER, R.N.V.R. PROF. PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D. MR. G. F. HILL. LIEUT.-COMMR. D. G. HOGARTH, R.N.V.R. PROF. HENRY JACKSON, O.M. MR. H. STUART JONES. SIR FREDERIC KENYON, K.C.B., D.LITT. PROF. GILBERT MURRAY. PROF. SIR W. M. RAMSAY D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., D.D. PROF. WILLIAM RIDGEWAY. SIR JOHN SANDYS, LITT.D. REV. PROF. A. H. SAYCE, LITT.D., D.LITT. MR A. HAMILTON SMITH. SIR CECIL HARCOURT-SMITH, LL.D. SIR CHARLES WALDSTEIN, LITT.D., PH.D., L.H.D.","PeriodicalId":22308,"journal":{"name":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1916-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82439213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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