Pub Date : 2020-04-21DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89140
A. Karpov, M. Korotkova, G. Shiferson, E. Kotomina
Nowadays, screening uses the method of X-ray mammography for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, as a screening method, X-ray mammography has its limitations, such as age, periodicity of screening, ‘dense’ mammary gland and dynamic survey (repeated radiation). In order to overpass these limitations, more advanced alternative methods of breast examination should be used, which would be as effective as the ‘golden standard.’ Characteristics of electroimpedance diagnostics are given. The aim of screening is to detect breast cancer including early breast cancer (tumor size below 1 cm) and to form a survey of high-risk group. In order to reach these aims, the following actions need to be undertaken: search for areas with anomalous conductivity, detection of distorted mammographic scheme and evaluation of age-related electrical conductivity. The application of a scale for age-related breast conductivity with defined percentile limits allows to organize a survey group. Electrical properties of a cancerous tumor differ significantly from those of the surrounding tissues. Statistics of anomalous conductivity in cases of breast cancer is given. The disease development connected with the destruction of epithelial basement membrane is linked with various phenomena occurring in the tumor and the surrounding tissues. Statistics of disrupted mammographic scheme in cases of cancer is given.
{"title":"Electrical Impedance Mammography: Screening and Basic Principles","authors":"A. Karpov, M. Korotkova, G. Shiferson, E. Kotomina","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89140","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, screening uses the method of X-ray mammography for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, as a screening method, X-ray mammography has its limitations, such as age, periodicity of screening, ‘dense’ mammary gland and dynamic survey (repeated radiation). In order to overpass these limitations, more advanced alternative methods of breast examination should be used, which would be as effective as the ‘golden standard.’ Characteristics of electroimpedance diagnostics are given. The aim of screening is to detect breast cancer including early breast cancer (tumor size below 1 cm) and to form a survey of high-risk group. In order to reach these aims, the following actions need to be undertaken: search for areas with anomalous conductivity, detection of distorted mammographic scheme and evaluation of age-related electrical conductivity. The application of a scale for age-related breast conductivity with defined percentile limits allows to organize a survey group. Electrical properties of a cancerous tumor differ significantly from those of the surrounding tissues. Statistics of anomalous conductivity in cases of breast cancer is given. The disease development connected with the destruction of epithelial basement membrane is linked with various phenomena occurring in the tumor and the surrounding tissues. Statistics of disrupted mammographic scheme in cases of cancer is given.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127302026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90884
Susana Gómez-Modet, L. Tejedor
The use of biological matrices in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction arose with the need to reinforce the lower pole of the breast and to cover the implant to reduce the risk of implant exposure. Synthetic mesh appears to be a lower cost alternative to biological matrices. This literature review aims to assess the usefulness of the use of synthetic meshes in breast reconstruction compared with the traditional techniques and whether outcomes and complications of synthetic meshes and biological matrices are comparable. The positioning of the implants and meshes, either submuscular or subcutaneous, has also been considered.
{"title":"Synthetic Mesh in Immediate Breast Reconstruction","authors":"Susana Gómez-Modet, L. Tejedor","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90884","url":null,"abstract":"The use of biological matrices in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction arose with the need to reinforce the lower pole of the breast and to cover the implant to reduce the risk of implant exposure. Synthetic mesh appears to be a lower cost alternative to biological matrices. This literature review aims to assess the usefulness of the use of synthetic meshes in breast reconstruction compared with the traditional techniques and whether outcomes and complications of synthetic meshes and biological matrices are comparable. The positioning of the implants and meshes, either submuscular or subcutaneous, has also been considered.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117293698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90517
G. Palomba, G. Palmieri, A. Cossu, P. Paliogiannis, M. Sini
The objective of this population-based study is to describe epidemiological and genetic features of breast and ovarian cancer in North Sardinia, Italy. Patients who carry a high-risk mutation in one or both of the BRCA genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2) have a significantly increased risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer (BOC) and other cancers (e.g., prostate cancer in male). Epidemiological data on incidence distribution of breast/ovarian cancer from 2016 to 2019 in North Sardinia are obtained from the local tumor registry and from the cumulative results of 209 genetic testing for BRCA gene mutations performed in all young breast cancer patients and all women (over 50 years) with family history of BOC (total of 164 cases); further, 45 genetic testing is performed, on ovarian cancer patients, at any age. The results provide a different distribution of fraction mutations carried by women and a higher prevalence of the BRCA2 mutation in the north of Sardinia than the entire population and highlight the presence of specific germline mutation associated with the “founder effect” in distinct genetic subgroups reflecting genetic drift. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology, data analysis, and clinical investigation have revolutionized efforts to identify potential targets for BRCA molecular-based therapeutic agents.
{"title":"Epidemiology and Genetic Susceptibility of Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Sardinian Population","authors":"G. Palomba, G. Palmieri, A. Cossu, P. Paliogiannis, M. Sini","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90517","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this population-based study is to describe epidemiological and genetic features of breast and ovarian cancer in North Sardinia, Italy. Patients who carry a high-risk mutation in one or both of the BRCA genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2) have a significantly increased risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer (BOC) and other cancers (e.g., prostate cancer in male). Epidemiological data on incidence distribution of breast/ovarian cancer from 2016 to 2019 in North Sardinia are obtained from the local tumor registry and from the cumulative results of 209 genetic testing for BRCA gene mutations performed in all young breast cancer patients and all women (over 50 years) with family history of BOC (total of 164 cases); further, 45 genetic testing is performed, on ovarian cancer patients, at any age. The results provide a different distribution of fraction mutations carried by women and a higher prevalence of the BRCA2 mutation in the north of Sardinia than the entire population and highlight the presence of specific germline mutation associated with the “founder effect” in distinct genetic subgroups reflecting genetic drift. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology, data analysis, and clinical investigation have revolutionized efforts to identify potential targets for BRCA molecular-based therapeutic agents.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115517360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90926
N. Basu, D. Evans
Breast cancer remains the most common female cancer worldwide. The majority will arise spontaneously, with almost a third having a heritable component. Approximately 5–10% of all breast cancers will have a strong inherited element with pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 amongst the most studied breast cancer genes. An overview of breast cancer is provided with references to the clinical and pathological features in BRCA1 and BRCA2 related cancers. The roles of PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy are discussed. The management of healthy individuals harbouring a pathogenic variant in the two genes is reviewed and future directions considered.
{"title":"Breast Cancer and BRCA1 and BRCA2 Pathogenic Variants","authors":"N. Basu, D. Evans","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90926","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer remains the most common female cancer worldwide. The majority will arise spontaneously, with almost a third having a heritable component. Approximately 5–10% of all breast cancers will have a strong inherited element with pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 amongst the most studied breast cancer genes. An overview of breast cancer is provided with references to the clinical and pathological features in BRCA1 and BRCA2 related cancers. The roles of PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy are discussed. The management of healthy individuals harbouring a pathogenic variant in the two genes is reviewed and future directions considered.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127038030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-29DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89062
A. Ebrahim
This research proposes a new framework for detection of breast cancer in mammograms. It extracts certain dynamic features to distinguish between benign and malignant mammograms. To this aim, this framework uses set of various techniques. First step we have achieved improvement on breast mammogram to improve the image accuracy based on this framework, after new method has been used for features extraction. New methods named Sparse Principal Component Analysis and Weighted Sparse Principal Component Analysis are used to select the distinctive features of the mammograms. The analyzed mammograms are then identified as benign or malignant through codebook technique is more efficient than other on the MIAS data set. The proposed framework tested on MIAS data set achieved an overall classification accuracy of 98% with codebook classifier for sequential selection of benign and malignant mammograms. Suggested method achieves good results when we have verified on various mammograms.
{"title":"Detection of Breast Cancer in Mammograms through a New Features Technique","authors":"A. Ebrahim","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89062","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a new framework for detection of breast cancer in mammograms. It extracts certain dynamic features to distinguish between benign and malignant mammograms. To this aim, this framework uses set of various techniques. First step we have achieved improvement on breast mammogram to improve the image accuracy based on this framework, after new method has been used for features extraction. New methods named Sparse Principal Component Analysis and Weighted Sparse Principal Component Analysis are used to select the distinctive features of the mammograms. The analyzed mammograms are then identified as benign or malignant through codebook technique is more efficient than other on the MIAS data set. The proposed framework tested on MIAS data set achieved an overall classification accuracy of 98% with codebook classifier for sequential selection of benign and malignant mammograms. Suggested method achieves good results when we have verified on various mammograms.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124640884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86068
Krishnamurthy Sreedhar Murthy
INTRODUCTION Nipple reconstruction is the final stage of breast reconstruction and performed after acceptable breast mound shape and symmetry has been achieved. Here is a description of an original technique of L shaped nipple reconstruction to address issues such as transverse mas-tectomy scar which lies at the Neo nipple position. AIM The objective of this study is to describe an original tech-nique of nipple reconstruction, using a combination of random flap and dermal graft; and also measures patient satisfaction of outco-mes. This original technique is set to overcome challenges of nipple reconstruction such as correct positioning, maintaining adequate projection and creating an almost inconspicuous scar. METHODS 31 patients underwent the L-shaped nipple reconstruction between 2011 and 2016 at our Breast Unit. Complications and outcomes were analysed and compared with 59 patients who underwent traditional CV flap during the same study period (total N=90, i.e., L flap n=31 and CV flap=59). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between traditional CV flap (9.7%) and L-shaped (13.6%) nipple reconstructions (Fishers exact test p=0.74). In our study cohort undergoing L flap nipple reconstruction, 94% were either pleased or very pleased with their decision to have undergone nipple reconstruction and 93% would either strongly or very strongly recommend it to a friend. CONCLUSIONS The innovative L-shaped nipple reconstruction has positive patient satisfaction out-comes and is a very suitable alternative to traditional nipple reconstruction such as CV flap.
{"title":"L-Shaped Nipple Reconstruction: A Novel Technique to Improve Patient Satisfaction Outcomes","authors":"Krishnamurthy Sreedhar Murthy","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86068","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Nipple reconstruction is the final stage of breast reconstruction and performed after acceptable breast mound shape and symmetry has been achieved. Here is a description of an original technique of L shaped nipple reconstruction to address issues such as transverse mas-tectomy scar which lies at the Neo nipple position. AIM The objective of this study is to describe an original tech-nique of nipple reconstruction, using a combination of random flap and dermal graft; and also measures patient satisfaction of outco-mes. This original technique is set to overcome challenges of nipple reconstruction such as correct positioning, maintaining adequate projection and creating an almost inconspicuous scar. METHODS 31 patients underwent the L-shaped nipple reconstruction between 2011 and 2016 at our Breast Unit. Complications and outcomes were analysed and compared with 59 patients who underwent traditional CV flap during the same study period (total N=90, i.e., L flap n=31 and CV flap=59). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between traditional CV flap (9.7%) and L-shaped (13.6%) nipple reconstructions (Fishers exact test p=0.74). In our study cohort undergoing L flap nipple reconstruction, 94% were either pleased or very pleased with their decision to have undergone nipple reconstruction and 93% would either strongly or very strongly recommend it to a friend. CONCLUSIONS The innovative L-shaped nipple reconstruction has positive patient satisfaction out-comes and is a very suitable alternative to traditional nipple reconstruction such as CV flap.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124454881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86795
A. Woodfin, A. Antony
With medical advancement, increasing numbers of genetic variations and mutations are being uncovered that offer greater insight into which patients have a predisposition for the development of breast cancer. Reasonable management for these patients includes high-risk surveillance, medical prophylaxis, or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy with immediate reconstruction which is becoming increasingly popular. However, this cohort of patients differs from the average breast cancer patient in that they are typically younger and may have distinct reconstructive objectives for their outcomes. This chapter considers this unique and expanding population, as well as their expectations for surgical outcomes both aesthetically and oncologically. We will discuss the evolving role of social media in this population, with patient to patient virtual information sharing and how this may impact patient referrals in a manner diverging from traditional hospital-based patterns. Furthermore, we discuss how practices in which cutting-edge and novel surgical treatments are available, such as pre-pectoral and single stage reconstruction, and that incorporate team collaboration with the surgical oncologist to deliver aesthetically pleasing results with nipple sparing mastectomy and concealed scars may ultimately be attractive to genetic mutation carriers concerned not only with risk reduction but also post-operative aesthetics.
{"title":"Genetic Mutation Carriers: Special Considerations for Their Influence on a Modern Breast Reconstruction Practice","authors":"A. Woodfin, A. Antony","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86795","url":null,"abstract":"With medical advancement, increasing numbers of genetic variations and mutations are being uncovered that offer greater insight into which patients have a predisposition for the development of breast cancer. Reasonable management for these patients includes high-risk surveillance, medical prophylaxis, or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy with immediate reconstruction which is becoming increasingly popular. However, this cohort of patients differs from the average breast cancer patient in that they are typically younger and may have distinct reconstructive objectives for their outcomes. This chapter considers this unique and expanding population, as well as their expectations for surgical outcomes both aesthetically and oncologically. We will discuss the evolving role of social media in this population, with patient to patient virtual information sharing and how this may impact patient referrals in a manner diverging from traditional hospital-based patterns. Furthermore, we discuss how practices in which cutting-edge and novel surgical treatments are available, such as pre-pectoral and single stage reconstruction, and that incorporate team collaboration with the surgical oncologist to deliver aesthetically pleasing results with nipple sparing mastectomy and concealed scars may ultimately be attractive to genetic mutation carriers concerned not only with risk reduction but also post-operative aesthetics.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131559308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85652
Justin T Zelones, Suzanne Inchauste, D. Nguyen
Immediate breast reconstruction in the United States is increasing with the majority of patients undergoing implant-based reconstruction. The use of pedicled autologous tissues has also been used, but due to significant donor site morbidity, free autologous tissue transfer has largely replaced it. The gold standard currently for breast reconstruction is free autologous tissue transfer from the abdomen if no contraindications exist. However, not all hospitals have the expertise available to perform free autologous tissue transfers for breast reconstruction. Other donor sites available for free autologous tissue transfer include the thigh and gluteal areas. With advances in free tissue transfer techniques, the donor site morbidity and flap failure rates are minimal. The ultimate goal for any breast reconstruction patient is to achieve the appropriate size, shape, symmetry, softness, and sensation. The goal of this chapter is to assist in achieving these goals in the immediate breast reconstruction patient through the use of free autologous tissue transfers.
{"title":"Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Free Autologous Tissue Transfer","authors":"Justin T Zelones, Suzanne Inchauste, D. Nguyen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85652","url":null,"abstract":"Immediate breast reconstruction in the United States is increasing with the majority of patients undergoing implant-based reconstruction. The use of pedicled autologous tissues has also been used, but due to significant donor site morbidity, free autologous tissue transfer has largely replaced it. The gold standard currently for breast reconstruction is free autologous tissue transfer from the abdomen if no contraindications exist. However, not all hospitals have the expertise available to perform free autologous tissue transfers for breast reconstruction. Other donor sites available for free autologous tissue transfer include the thigh and gluteal areas. With advances in free tissue transfer techniques, the donor site morbidity and flap failure rates are minimal. The ultimate goal for any breast reconstruction patient is to achieve the appropriate size, shape, symmetry, softness, and sensation. The goal of this chapter is to assist in achieving these goals in the immediate breast reconstruction patient through the use of free autologous tissue transfers.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114600486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-09DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85443
E. Karacaoglu
Traditional breast conservative therapy (BCT) is lumpectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy and possible axillary dissection, and radiation therapy. BCT is, as known and considered all over the world, is oncologically equivalent to mastectomy with regard to overall long-term survival rates. BCT is the recommended treatment of choice for women with early stages breast cancer. The main philosophy of BCT is optimizing cosmetic goals and minimizing the psychological morbidity of a mastectomy while ensuring low rates of local recurrence. Achieving an oncologically safe resection is maintained by tumor margin clearance. Ensuring an oncologic clearance with increasing tumor size requires extensive breast parenchyma resection. And this results in large volume resection and this requires volume replacement techniques. Depending on the amount of breast volume resected, an autologous tissue transfer may be required to achieve requirement of breast restoration. Latissimus dorsi flap and TRAM flap are two autologous tissues mostly used to fulfill this restoration. This chapter focuses on the TRAM flap, one of the most commonly used autologous tissue in volume replacement reconstruction of the mastectomy defect.
{"title":"Breast Reconstruction with TRAM Flap","authors":"E. Karacaoglu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85443","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional breast conservative therapy (BCT) is lumpectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy and possible axillary dissection, and radiation therapy. BCT is, as known and considered all over the world, is oncologically equivalent to mastectomy with regard to overall long-term survival rates. BCT is the recommended treatment of choice for women with early stages breast cancer. The main philosophy of BCT is optimizing cosmetic goals and minimizing the psychological morbidity of a mastectomy while ensuring low rates of local recurrence. Achieving an oncologically safe resection is maintained by tumor margin clearance. Ensuring an oncologic clearance with increasing tumor size requires extensive breast parenchyma resection. And this results in large volume resection and this requires volume replacement techniques. Depending on the amount of breast volume resected, an autologous tissue transfer may be required to achieve requirement of breast restoration. Latissimus dorsi flap and TRAM flap are two autologous tissues mostly used to fulfill this restoration. This chapter focuses on the TRAM flap, one of the most commonly used autologous tissue in volume replacement reconstruction of the mastectomy defect.","PeriodicalId":231374,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116891010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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