Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99565
Satyanarayana Battula
Vitamin-K is a demanding multi-functional health product in the market and belongs to a class of isoprenoid molecules that comprises methylnaphthoquinone (MK) unit attached to an isoprene side chain. They are fat soluble and differ in the extent of side chain & obtained in the nature as vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), menaquinone/vitamin K2, and other lipoquinones. Owing to their owned polyprenyl side chain, they are hydrophobic/lipophilic in nature. Generally, the synthesis of vitamin K and its variants suffers with isomerization (for example 11 isomers were identified for cis/trans MK-7). Naturally, in bio-systems vitamin K produces through shikimic acid pathway and terpene biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of menaquinone part & prenyl side chain parts respectively. Menadione or its auxiliaries are commonly being used as substrates to the synthesis of vitamin K variants through the involvement of condensation reactions, Friedel-Craft alkylation’s, Claisen rearrangement, Diels-Alder reactions and others. Importantly, organometallic reagents, such as Grignard, Gilman, organotelluride and other reagents could be the promising and consistent choice of substrate to the synthesis of various vitamin K’s. Vitamin K is well known for blood coagulation. As an antihaemorrhagic vitamin, it’s also being the current interest for the treatment of bone and vascular diseases. In addition, vitamin k is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K dependent (VKD) proteins and that are present almost in all tissues and responsible for hemostasis, bone mineralization, arterial calcification, apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and signal transduction. This chapter summarizes various synthetic approaches of vitamin K & derivatives and their biological functions.
{"title":"A Perspective of Diverse Synthetic Approaches and Biological Applications of Vitamin K","authors":"Satyanarayana Battula","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99565","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamin-K is a demanding multi-functional health product in the market and belongs to a class of isoprenoid molecules that comprises methylnaphthoquinone (MK) unit attached to an isoprene side chain. They are fat soluble and differ in the extent of side chain & obtained in the nature as vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), menaquinone/vitamin K2, and other lipoquinones. Owing to their owned polyprenyl side chain, they are hydrophobic/lipophilic in nature. Generally, the synthesis of vitamin K and its variants suffers with isomerization (for example 11 isomers were identified for cis/trans MK-7). Naturally, in bio-systems vitamin K produces through shikimic acid pathway and terpene biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of menaquinone part & prenyl side chain parts respectively. Menadione or its auxiliaries are commonly being used as substrates to the synthesis of vitamin K variants through the involvement of condensation reactions, Friedel-Craft alkylation’s, Claisen rearrangement, Diels-Alder reactions and others. Importantly, organometallic reagents, such as Grignard, Gilman, organotelluride and other reagents could be the promising and consistent choice of substrate to the synthesis of various vitamin K’s. Vitamin K is well known for blood coagulation. As an antihaemorrhagic vitamin, it’s also being the current interest for the treatment of bone and vascular diseases. In addition, vitamin k is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K dependent (VKD) proteins and that are present almost in all tissues and responsible for hemostasis, bone mineralization, arterial calcification, apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and signal transduction. This chapter summarizes various synthetic approaches of vitamin K & derivatives and their biological functions.","PeriodicalId":23655,"journal":{"name":"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health [Working Title]","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79565153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99809
D. Mehta, A. de Souza, Shashank S. Jadhav
Menaquinone-7 plays a significant role in cardiovascular and bone health. In recent times there is a growing interest in understanding the role of Menaquinone-7 in health and diseases. Several population-based studies have reported specific health effects of the long-chain menaquinones, notably MK-7, MK-8, and MK-9. There are several epidemiological studies, clinical trials, along with in vivo and in vitro studies confirming the role of Menaquinone-7 in health and diseases. More recently, research group at Synergia Life Sciences has discovered a wider role for Menaquinone-7 in energy homeostasis (VO2max), peripheral neuropathy, muscle cramps and mitochondrial respiration not only through improvement of the electron transport but also the perfusion improving oxygen availability. In the current chapter, the authors have discussed the wider physiological role of Menaquinone-7 highlighting the recent research with Menaquinone-7 in the areas of Muscle and Nerve Health.
{"title":"Menaquinone-7: Wide Ranging Physiological Relevance in Muscle and Nerve Health","authors":"D. Mehta, A. de Souza, Shashank S. Jadhav","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99809","url":null,"abstract":"Menaquinone-7 plays a significant role in cardiovascular and bone health. In recent times there is a growing interest in understanding the role of Menaquinone-7 in health and diseases. Several population-based studies have reported specific health effects of the long-chain menaquinones, notably MK-7, MK-8, and MK-9. There are several epidemiological studies, clinical trials, along with in vivo and in vitro studies confirming the role of Menaquinone-7 in health and diseases. More recently, research group at Synergia Life Sciences has discovered a wider role for Menaquinone-7 in energy homeostasis (VO2max), peripheral neuropathy, muscle cramps and mitochondrial respiration not only through improvement of the electron transport but also the perfusion improving oxygen availability. In the current chapter, the authors have discussed the wider physiological role of Menaquinone-7 highlighting the recent research with Menaquinone-7 in the areas of Muscle and Nerve Health.","PeriodicalId":23655,"journal":{"name":"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health [Working Title]","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78888453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99335
T. Michailidis, A. Karakanas, N. Schizas, P. Keryttopoulos
Nowadays cardiovascular disease remain globally the leading cause of mortality. Coronary artery disease is the predominant clinical entity related to fatal cardiovascular events, while its development is mostly associated with progressive atherosclerosis of the vessels combined with gradual vascular calcification. It is well described and understood that vascular calcification is strongly associated with the occurrence of CVD and increased mortality rates. Therefore, it is essential to understand the metabolic pathways leading to its formation in order to develop effective therapies. A group of vitamin-k dependent proteins seems to play a significant role on the prevention of the arterial wall. Several past studies have shown that in cases of vitamin-k deficiency the process of vessel calcification is accelerated. Vitamin-k depletion and high levels of uncarboxylated and dephosphorylated forms of the aforementioned proteins are considered as important factors that contribute significantly to this rapid progression. Promising studies are giving the stimulus for further research in the field of vitamin-k supplementation and the suspension of vascular calcification.
{"title":"Vitamin K Deficiency and Vascular Calcification. Is There Any Evidence about Its Impact on Coronary Artery Disease?","authors":"T. Michailidis, A. Karakanas, N. Schizas, P. Keryttopoulos","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99335","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays cardiovascular disease remain globally the leading cause of mortality. Coronary artery disease is the predominant clinical entity related to fatal cardiovascular events, while its development is mostly associated with progressive atherosclerosis of the vessels combined with gradual vascular calcification. It is well described and understood that vascular calcification is strongly associated with the occurrence of CVD and increased mortality rates. Therefore, it is essential to understand the metabolic pathways leading to its formation in order to develop effective therapies. A group of vitamin-k dependent proteins seems to play a significant role on the prevention of the arterial wall. Several past studies have shown that in cases of vitamin-k deficiency the process of vessel calcification is accelerated. Vitamin-k depletion and high levels of uncarboxylated and dephosphorylated forms of the aforementioned proteins are considered as important factors that contribute significantly to this rapid progression. Promising studies are giving the stimulus for further research in the field of vitamin-k supplementation and the suspension of vascular calcification.","PeriodicalId":23655,"journal":{"name":"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health [Working Title]","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89791719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99344
M. Aljafary, H. Alshwyeh, Nada Alahmadi, A. Shehzad, H. Tombuloglu, Zagit Z. Gaymalov, Abdelqader Homieda, E. Al-Suhaimi
This chapter reviews the physiological and cellular functions of vitamin K in the cardiovascular system based on the latest pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Vitamin K belongs to a family of structurally similar fat-soluble vitamins, actively required by the body for the synthesis of essential proteins as well as regulate blood clotting, bone metabolism and calcium level. The authors emphasize the quintessential association between dietary vitamin K2 and cardiovascular diseases shown in various studies. The association, through the vitamin K - dependent hormones, plays a primary role in regulating calcification of different cell types, especially their role in calcification of the vascular endothelial cells. The consequences of vitamin K deficiency in the vascular system are unfavorable, shown in various clinical studies on statins - well-known inhibitors of vitamin K production in the body. New clinical insights suggest that vitamin K levels in the body and its dietary supplementation play a crucial role in cardiovascular disease prevention. There is negative influence of these antagonist’s pate in vascular composition and functions. Therefore, there is a need for prospective studies to make more in-depth exploration and increase the current understanding of this critical relationship to confidently apply such knowledge to prevent cardiovascular diseases and improve their outcomes.
{"title":"Physiological and Cellular Functions of Vitamin K on Cardiovascular Function","authors":"M. Aljafary, H. Alshwyeh, Nada Alahmadi, A. Shehzad, H. Tombuloglu, Zagit Z. Gaymalov, Abdelqader Homieda, E. Al-Suhaimi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99344","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the physiological and cellular functions of vitamin K in the cardiovascular system based on the latest pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Vitamin K belongs to a family of structurally similar fat-soluble vitamins, actively required by the body for the synthesis of essential proteins as well as regulate blood clotting, bone metabolism and calcium level. The authors emphasize the quintessential association between dietary vitamin K2 and cardiovascular diseases shown in various studies. The association, through the vitamin K - dependent hormones, plays a primary role in regulating calcification of different cell types, especially their role in calcification of the vascular endothelial cells. The consequences of vitamin K deficiency in the vascular system are unfavorable, shown in various clinical studies on statins - well-known inhibitors of vitamin K production in the body. New clinical insights suggest that vitamin K levels in the body and its dietary supplementation play a crucial role in cardiovascular disease prevention. There is negative influence of these antagonist’s pate in vascular composition and functions. Therefore, there is a need for prospective studies to make more in-depth exploration and increase the current understanding of this critical relationship to confidently apply such knowledge to prevent cardiovascular diseases and improve their outcomes.","PeriodicalId":23655,"journal":{"name":"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health [Working Title]","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77921995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99310
S. Goto, S. Setoguchi, K. Matsunaga, J. Takata
Topical application of vitamin K is beneficial in the treatment of various skin pathologies. However, its delivery to the skin is hampered by the photo-instability and phototoxicity of vitamin K (quinone form). Indeed, topical use of vitamin K is regulated in Europe owing to the photosensitive properties of this molecule. Here, we discuss the suitability of ester derivatives of vitamin K hydroquinone (VKH), the active form of vitamin K, for topical applications. Notably, VKH derivatives have the potential to overcome the photo-instability and phototoxicity problem of vitamin K and act as VKH prodrugs, as demonstrated in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Thus, VKH prodrug is a promising strategy for topical application of vitamin K without the need for special protection from light.
{"title":"Overcoming the Photochemical Problem of Vitamin K in Topical Application","authors":"S. Goto, S. Setoguchi, K. Matsunaga, J. Takata","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99310","url":null,"abstract":"Topical application of vitamin K is beneficial in the treatment of various skin pathologies. However, its delivery to the skin is hampered by the photo-instability and phototoxicity of vitamin K (quinone form). Indeed, topical use of vitamin K is regulated in Europe owing to the photosensitive properties of this molecule. Here, we discuss the suitability of ester derivatives of vitamin K hydroquinone (VKH), the active form of vitamin K, for topical applications. Notably, VKH derivatives have the potential to overcome the photo-instability and phototoxicity problem of vitamin K and act as VKH prodrugs, as demonstrated in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Thus, VKH prodrug is a promising strategy for topical application of vitamin K without the need for special protection from light.","PeriodicalId":23655,"journal":{"name":"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health [Working Title]","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79418001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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