Background: The aim is to determine the effectiveness of indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) as diagnostic techniques for Cystic Echinococcosis in Iraqi and possible correlation of age and gender in disease occurrence. Patients and Methods: Patients presented with clinical manifestation of hydatidosis (202) were selectively enrolled in this study. IHA technique using sensitized sheep red blood cells coated with an Echinococcus granulosus antigen was applied. Results: One hundred and one patients (50%) were males, with the mean age (33.50±7. 8) years. The rest were females with mean age (29.78±9. 6) years. IHA positive cases were (19.3% ) and the reminders (80.7%) were negative .IHA positive females (22.8%) compared with (15.8%) in males without statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.212) nor correlation between gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.214) . The majority of patients belongs to (24-30) years ,( 31-36) years and (18-23) years age groups .Among males, higher number of positive cases at (31-36) years followed by (24-30) years and (49-54) years. Among females, higher number of positive cases at(24-30) years followed by (37-42) years and (18-23) years. Statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.001) reported between genders according to age group distribution without significant correlation between age group according to gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.268). Conclusion: the IHA consider rapid, reliable and adequate technique that make it possible to process a large number of samples simultaneously and that do not require highly trained technical personnel. Females appear to be more susceptible to CE than male especially in younger age groups. Key words: Indirect Haemagglutination, Hydatidosis, age, gender, Iraq
{"title":"Indirect Heamagglutination as An Immunodiagnostic Technique For Cystic Echinococcosis In Iraqi Patients","authors":"A. Al-ezzy, Walaa Najm Abood","doi":"10.12996/gmj.2016.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12996/gmj.2016.19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim is to determine the effectiveness of indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) as diagnostic techniques for Cystic Echinococcosis in Iraqi and possible correlation of age and gender in disease occurrence. Patients and Methods: Patients presented with clinical manifestation of hydatidosis (202) were selectively enrolled in this study. IHA technique using sensitized sheep red blood cells coated with an Echinococcus granulosus antigen was applied. Results: One hundred and one patients (50%) were males, with the mean age (33.50±7. 8) years. The rest were females with mean age (29.78±9. 6) years. IHA positive cases were (19.3% ) and the reminders (80.7%) were negative .IHA positive females (22.8%) compared with (15.8%) in males without statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.212) nor correlation between gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.214) . The majority of patients belongs to (24-30) years ,( 31-36) years and (18-23) years age groups .Among males, higher number of positive cases at (31-36) years followed by (24-30) years and (49-54) years. Among females, higher number of positive cases at(24-30) years followed by (37-42) years and (18-23) years. Statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.001) reported between genders according to age group distribution without significant correlation between age group according to gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.268). Conclusion: the IHA consider rapid, reliable and adequate technique that make it possible to process a large number of samples simultaneously and that do not require highly trained technical personnel. Females appear to be more susceptible to CE than male especially in younger age groups. Key words: Indirect Haemagglutination, Hydatidosis, age, gender, Iraq","PeriodicalId":237804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-1165.1000204
Gebretadik Fa, Seifu Mf, Gelaw Bk
Background : Ebola virus disease (EVD) is caused by Ebola viruses (EBOV), members of the group of hemorrhagic fevers and it is one of the most dangerous infection diseases with mortality rates up to 90%. Ebola was firstly described in 1976 and since then occurred sporadically in Central Africa. Till 2014, twenty four outbreaks were described, but the number of deaths not exceeding 300 per outbreak. As of May 20, 2015 the cumulative number, suspected, and laboratory-confirmed cases attributed to Ebola virus was 26, 969, including 11,135 deaths. Pathogenesis : Ebola Viruses do not replicate through cell division, but instead insert their own genetic sequencing into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the host cell and subsequently hijack all cellular processes, including transcription and translation. In essence, the host cell becomes a factory of viral proteins. As new viral capsules are formed, they bud from the host cell, taking a part of the host cell’s outer membrane, thus cloaking themselves against detection by the host’s immune system. In some cases, the patient’s immune system can produce enough antibodies to defeat the infection. With EVD, the virus can often reproduce so rapidly that the immune system never catches up. Transmission : The natural reservoir of EBOV is believed to be bats, particularly fruit bats, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to humans through body fluids. Clinical presentation : Symptoms of EVD include abrupt onset of fever, myalgias, and headache in the early phase, followed by vomiting, diarrhea and possible progression to hemorrhagic rash, life-threatening bleeding, and multi organ failure in the later phase. Treatment : There are no approved treatments or vaccines available for EVD until today; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. However, there are a bunch of therapeutic approaches on the track which could have the real impact on control and prevention of this global threat. High fatality, combined with the absence of treatment and vaccination options, makes Ebola virus an important public health pathogen and biothreat pathogen of category A. Keywords: Ebola virus, Ebola virus disease, hemorrhagic fever, outbreak, epidemic, supportive care, reservoir, West Africa.
{"title":"Review on Ebola Virus Disease: Its Outbreak and Current Status","authors":"Gebretadik Fa, Seifu Mf, Gelaw Bk","doi":"10.4172/2161-1165.1000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1165.1000204","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Ebola virus disease (EVD) is caused by Ebola viruses (EBOV), members of the group of hemorrhagic fevers and it is one of the most dangerous infection diseases with mortality rates up to 90%. Ebola was firstly described in 1976 and since then occurred sporadically in Central Africa. Till 2014, twenty four outbreaks were described, but the number of deaths not exceeding 300 per outbreak. As of May 20, 2015 the cumulative number, suspected, and laboratory-confirmed cases attributed to Ebola virus was 26, 969, including 11,135 deaths. Pathogenesis : Ebola Viruses do not replicate through cell division, but instead insert their own genetic sequencing into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the host cell and subsequently hijack all cellular processes, including transcription and translation. In essence, the host cell becomes a factory of viral proteins. As new viral capsules are formed, they bud from the host cell, taking a part of the host cell’s outer membrane, thus cloaking themselves against detection by the host’s immune system. In some cases, the patient’s immune system can produce enough antibodies to defeat the infection. With EVD, the virus can often reproduce so rapidly that the immune system never catches up. Transmission : The natural reservoir of EBOV is believed to be bats, particularly fruit bats, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to humans through body fluids. Clinical presentation : Symptoms of EVD include abrupt onset of fever, myalgias, and headache in the early phase, followed by vomiting, diarrhea and possible progression to hemorrhagic rash, life-threatening bleeding, and multi organ failure in the later phase. Treatment : There are no approved treatments or vaccines available for EVD until today; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. However, there are a bunch of therapeutic approaches on the track which could have the real impact on control and prevention of this global threat. High fatality, combined with the absence of treatment and vaccination options, makes Ebola virus an important public health pathogen and biothreat pathogen of category A. Keywords: Ebola virus, Ebola virus disease, hemorrhagic fever, outbreak, epidemic, supportive care, reservoir, West Africa.","PeriodicalId":237804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine","volume":"33 7-8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116474316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000146
B. K. Gelaw
Introduction: Injection is an infusion method of putting drugs or fluids in to the body with a hollow needle and a syringe. The use of injection for treatment accompanied with variety of disadvantages including sepsis at administration, risk of tissue toxicity, costly difficulties in correcting the error. Injections are very expensive compared to other dosage forms and require trained personnel for administration. Moreover, unhygienic use of injections can increase the risk of transmission of potentially serious pathogens, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and blood-borne diseases. It is estimated by the WHO that about 16 billion injections are undertaken in developing countries annually and are often irrationally used. Objective : The present study was aimed to assess the prescription pattern of injections in Adama Hospital Medical College. Method: Hospital based Prospective cross sectional study was done to assess prescription pattern of injections in outpatient pharmacy of AHMC. All Prescription cards from March 24, 2015 to May 24, 2015 were taken and reviewed using pre-tested data collection format. Finally data was edited, coded, tallied and cleaned. Descriptive statistics was computed . Result: On review of 500 prescription papers, 600 injections were prescribed. The percentage of prescriptions containing name of the patient, sex, age, address, date and card number were 490 (98%), 395 (79%), 405 (81%), 250 (50%), 300 (60%) and 480 (96%) respectively. The most commonly prescribed therapeutic class was inject able antibiotics 154 (25%), anti pains 120 (20%) and diuretics 66 (11%). Injections prescribed with over, under and optimum dose were 15 (2.5%), 9 (1.5%), 576(96%), respectively. About 18 (3%), 6 (1%) and 2 (0.3%) of antibiotics were prescribed by incorrect frequency, short and extended duration of administration, respectively. Only on 190 (38%), 65 (13%) and 480 (96%) of prescription papers were names, qualification and signature of the prescribers specified respectively. Conclusion : There was rational use of injections in the hospital though there are some problems that have to be considered. Key Terms : Injection medicine, prescribing pattern, prescribers, prescription, Adama.
{"title":"Prescription Pattern of Injection at Out Patient Pharmacy Department of Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama,","authors":"B. K. Gelaw","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000146","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Injection is an infusion method of putting drugs or fluids in to the body with a hollow needle and a syringe. The use of injection for treatment accompanied with variety of disadvantages including sepsis at administration, risk of tissue toxicity, costly difficulties in correcting the error. Injections are very expensive compared to other dosage forms and require trained personnel for administration. Moreover, unhygienic use of injections can increase the risk of transmission of potentially serious pathogens, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and blood-borne diseases. It is estimated by the WHO that about 16 billion injections are undertaken in developing countries annually and are often irrationally used. Objective : The present study was aimed to assess the prescription pattern of injections in Adama Hospital Medical College. Method: Hospital based Prospective cross sectional study was done to assess prescription pattern of injections in outpatient pharmacy of AHMC. All Prescription cards from March 24, 2015 to May 24, 2015 were taken and reviewed using pre-tested data collection format. Finally data was edited, coded, tallied and cleaned. Descriptive statistics was computed . Result: On review of 500 prescription papers, 600 injections were prescribed. The percentage of prescriptions containing name of the patient, sex, age, address, date and card number were 490 (98%), 395 (79%), 405 (81%), 250 (50%), 300 (60%) and 480 (96%) respectively. The most commonly prescribed therapeutic class was inject able antibiotics 154 (25%), anti pains 120 (20%) and diuretics 66 (11%). Injections prescribed with over, under and optimum dose were 15 (2.5%), 9 (1.5%), 576(96%), respectively. About 18 (3%), 6 (1%) and 2 (0.3%) of antibiotics were prescribed by incorrect frequency, short and extended duration of administration, respectively. Only on 190 (38%), 65 (13%) and 480 (96%) of prescription papers were names, qualification and signature of the prescribers specified respectively. Conclusion : There was rational use of injections in the hospital though there are some problems that have to be considered. Key Terms : Injection medicine, prescribing pattern, prescribers, prescription, Adama.","PeriodicalId":237804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123737581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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