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Universalism v. Relativism: The Human Rights Debate Around Internalization of Global Norm of Anti-FGM in Gorontalo, Indonesia 普遍主义与相对主义:印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛围绕反女性外阴残割全球规范内化的人权辩论
Safriska Desna Putri, Dwi Ardhanariswari Sundrijo
Researches show how people and government of Southeast Asia tend to promote the relativism of norms, and with that challenge the mainstream narrative that promote the universalism of norms. This partially explains the multiple failures of the regionalisation of many global norms in the region. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a term that defines any procedure that harms female genital organs, is a traditional practice that is condemned by many international institutions. Anti-FGM has become one of the most important global norms on health issues, officially adopted as a terminology by WHO in 1991 and become resolution in 2008. Under this circumstances, it is widely known that the practice of female children circumcision is still very commonly found in Gorontalo region in Indonesia. In Gorontalo, this practice involved not only health and rational consideration, but most importantly also is involved tradition and beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generation. It is hence contained a particular cultural meaning, which somehow has become the people’s shared characteristics which further defines the identity of the women of Gorontalo. This strong tradition is, naturally, goes against global believe which consider this custom as a violation on children's and human rights. This local dynamics thus lead us to the contestation between the idea of "universalism" of norms which holds the legitimation of human rights introduced by Liberal thinking,, and the idea of "relativism" which acknowledges the particularity of local tradition, as well as religion, and the rights of the people to practice what they believe as culturally appropriate. This article hence will answer the question, "in what way relativism overcome universalism in the process of internalization of global norms on anti-FGM in Gorontalo, Indonesia?"
研究表明,东南亚人民和政府倾向于倡导准则的相对主义,并以此挑战倡导准则普遍主义的主流观点。这在一定程度上解释了该地区许多全球规范区域化的多重失败。切割女性生殖器官(FGM)是指任何伤害女性生殖器官的手术,是一种受到许多国际机构谴责的传统做法。反对切割女性生殖器官已成为全球健康问题最重要的准则之一,1991 年被世卫组织正式采纳为术语,2008 年成为决议。在这种情况下,众所周知,在印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛地区,女性儿童割礼习俗仍然非常普遍。在哥伦打洛,这种习俗不仅涉及健康和理性的考虑,最重要的是还涉及代代相传的传统和信仰。因此,它包含了一种特殊的文化内涵,在某种程度上已成为戈伦塔洛人民的共同特征,进一步确定了戈伦塔洛妇女的身份。自然,这种浓厚的传统与全球观念背道而驰,全球观念认为这种习俗侵犯了儿童权利和人权。因此,这种地方动态导致我们在 "普遍主义 "规范思想与 "相对主义 "思想之间展开了争论。"普遍主义 "规范思想是自由主义思想引入的人权合法化思想,而 "相对主义 "思想则承认地方传统和宗教的特殊性,以及人们有权奉行他们认为文化上合适的习俗。因此,本文将回答这样一个问题:"在印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛省内化反切割女性生殖器官全球规范的过程中,相对主义是如何战胜普遍主义的?
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引用次数: 0
Indonesian Government Policy Regarding Working Hours for Indonesian Female Migrant Workers Abroad in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era 印度尼西亚政府关于 COVID-19 大流行时期海外印度尼西亚女性移民工人工作时间的政策
Henny Rosalinda, Rany Purnama Hadi, Amalia Nur Andini
Indonesia has been sending migrant workers since the 1970s and it is mostly dominated by women who work in the informal and low-skilled sectors such as domestic workers, child and elderly caretakers, or factory workers. The economic issue has become the biggest driving factor for these workers to work abroad, in addition to social and cultural factors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, migrant women experienced significant impacts, especially changes to increasingly longer working hours. This research aims to identify COVID-19 on Indonesian female migrant workers and produce policy recommendations that protect women's work rights. This research design is qualitative research with data collection methods through literature study and in-depth interviews with Indonesian female migrant workers abroad. Based on research results, during the pandemic many Indonesian migrant workers worked longer than the applicable standard working hours, approximately more than 15 hours per day. However, there are no clear rules or forms of protection that guarantee the welfare of Indonesian migrant workers by increasing working hours beyond the established standards.
印度尼西亚自 20 世纪 70 年代起开始向外输送移民工人,其中大部分是妇女,她们在非正规和低技能部门工作,如家庭佣工、儿童和老人看护者或工厂工人。除社会和文化因素外,经济问题已成为这些工人出国工作的最大驱动因素。在 COVID-19 大流行期间,移民妇女经历了重大影响,尤其是工作时间越来越长的变化。本研究旨在确定 COVID-19 对印尼女性移民工人的影响,并提出保护女性工作权利的政策建议。本研究采用定性研究设计,通过文献研究和对海外印尼女性移民工人的深入访谈来收集数据。根据研究结果,在大流行病期间,许多印尼外来务工人员的工作时间超过了适用的标准工时,大约每天超过 15 个小时。然而,并没有明确的规则或保护形式来保障印尼移徙工人的福利,因为他们的工作时间超过了既定标准。
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引用次数: 0
Causes and Consequences of Cyberbullying Against Women in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Study. 孟加拉国妇女遭受网络欺凌的原因和后果:一项综合研究。
Dr. Md. Ruhul Amin
Cyberbullying has emerged as a significant threat to women in Bangladesh, with the digital realm becoming a new battleground for harassment and intimidation. With the rapid advancement and widespread integration of information and communication technology (ICT), a unique form of wrongdoing has emerged within the virtual realm of the internet. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as cyberbullying, has gained widespread prevalence, particularly on social media platforms, where individuals readily participate in activities such as verbal abuse, dissemination of false information, and propagation of hate speech. In the context of Digital Bangladesh, where the use of the internet and social media is experiencing rapid growth, cyberbullying has become a frequent and noteworthy occurrence. The consequences of cyberbullying are enduring and multifaceted. This article seeks to explore the global issue of cyberbullying, with a specific focus on the situation in Digital Bangladesh, particularly concerning women. The primary aim of this article is to scrutinize cyberbullying, comprehending its underlying causes and investigating its widespread consequences. Additionally, the article directs attention to the legislative measures in Bangladesh designed to address this global issue and examines how the country is addressing cyberbullying in the current and forthcoming periods. The insights derived from this study can serve as a valuable reference for young individuals, educators, lawmakers, advocates, and concerned citizens, offering them a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing cyberbullying landscape in Digital Bangladesh.
网络欺凌已成为孟加拉国妇女面临的一个重大威胁,数字领域已成为骚扰和恐吓的新战场。随着信息和通信技术(ICT)的快速发展和广泛融合,互联网虚拟领域出现了一种独特的不法行 为。这种现象通常被称为网络欺凌,已得到广泛普及,尤其是在社交媒体平台上,个人很容易参与辱骂、传播虚假信息和散布仇恨言论等活动。在 "数字孟加拉国 "的背景下,互联网和社交媒体的使用正经历着快速增长,网络欺凌已成为一种频繁发生且值得注意的现象。网络欺凌的后果是持久和多方面的。本文旨在探讨网络欺凌这一全球性问题,并特别关注数字孟加拉国的情况,尤其是与妇女有关的情况。本文的主要目的是仔细研究网络欺凌问题,了解其根本原因并调查其普遍后果。此外,文章还关注了孟加拉国为解决这一全球性问题而采取的立法措施,并探讨了该国在当前和 未来时期如何解决网络欺凌问题。本研究得出的见解可作为年轻人、教育工作者、立法者、倡导者和相关公民的宝贵参考,让他们全面了解数字孟加拉国的网络欺凌现状。
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引用次数: 0
PACWIMA and the Transformation of Fijian Women in the Maritime Sector PACWIMA 与斐济妇女在海事部门的转变
Ningrum Surya Ningsi Pratiwi
The Pacific Women in Maritime Organization (PACWIMA) is a regional organization in the Pacific focused on empowering women to enhance their participation in the maritime sector. This regional organization serves as an international response to crucial issues such as gender inequality and sexual harassment, which contribute to the limited involvement of women in the maritime sector. Island nations like Fiji, heavily reliant on the maritime sector as a primary driver of national progress, also face these challenges. Through this research, we can gain insights into PACWIMA's role in addressing gender issues in Fiji's maritime sector and its contribution to promoting increased female participation. The study employs a qualitative research method with a case study framework and utilizes a feminist perspective, particularly liberal feminism, to analyze gender issues in this context. The findings indicate that PACWIMA can enhance women's roles in Fiji's maritime sector and mitigate gender-related problems within the industry. Beyond promoting gender equality in the maritime sector, PACWIMA also contributes to national economic stability by actively involving women as economic actors in the maritime sector.
太平洋海运业妇女组织(PACWIMA)是太平洋地区的一个区域性组织,其工作重点是增强妇女的能力,促进她们参与海运业。该区域组织是对性别不平等和性骚扰等关键问题的国际回应,这些问题导致妇女在海事部门的参与有限。像斐济这样严重依赖海事部门作为国家进步主要推动力的岛国也面临着这些挑战。通过这项研究,我们可以深入了解 PACWIMA 在解决斐济海事部门性别问题方面的作用,以及它在促进更多女性参与方面的贡献。本研究采用案例研究框架的定性研究方法,并利用女性主义视角,尤其是自由女性主义,来分析这一背景下的性别问题。研究结果表明,PACWIMA 可以加强妇女在斐济海运业中的作用,缓解行业内与性别相关的问题。除了促进海事部门的性别平等,PACWIMA 还通过让妇女积极参与海事部门的经济活动,为国家经济稳定做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
CHILD-GENDERED MENTAL SPACES TRIGGERED BY SPACE BUILDERS REFLECT ART PSYCHOTHERAPY CLIENTS’ CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES 空间建造者引发的儿童性别心理空间反映了艺术心理治疗客户的童年经历
Nindita Nilasari, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto, Wiwik Retno Handayani
ABSTRACT The language behaviour of clients’ reflection journey on art psychotherapy in the final stage of art psychotherapy sessions entitled ‘Reflect Interview’ reflects their childhood experiences that become a lifetime memory. In this paper, the topic of how the clients can construct their conceptual ideas of childhood experiences is discussed under a cognitive approach to language study. This article argues that: 1) There are REFLECTION SPACE, REALITY SPACE, DEPICTION SPACE and POSSIBILITY SPACE of the child-gendered mental spaces in the reflection journey on art psychotherapy, 2) Subject-Verb combinations, connectives and adverbs as the space builder on the child-gendered mental spaces and 3) Intersection between gender and child has experienced by the psychotherapy clients are generally related to weakness, depression, struggle and difficulties that become children's memories during their lifetime. These results are supported by a few background cases and government role illustrations in Indonesia. Keywords: Art psychotherapy; child-gendered mental spaces; space builder.
摘要 在名为 "反思访谈 "的艺术心理治疗课程的最后阶段,求助者在艺术心理治疗反思之旅中的语言行为反映了他们成为终生记忆的童年经历。本文以语言研究的认知方法为基础,讨论了求助者如何建构其童年经历的概念思想。本文认为1)在艺术心理治疗的反思历程中,儿童性别心理空间有反思空间、现实空间、沉积空间和可能性空间;2)主谓词组合、连接词和副词是儿童性别心理空间的构建者;3)心理治疗对象所经历的性别与儿童之间的交集一般与软弱、抑郁、挣扎和困难有关,这些都成为儿童一生的记忆。印尼的一些背景案例和政府角色说明为这些结果提供了支持。关键词艺术心理治疗;儿童性别心理空间;空间构建者。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding Acharya’s Concept on Norms Localization: A Lesson Learned from Localization of Transnational Norms on Banning Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Gorontalo, Indonesia 理解阿查里亚关于规范本土化的概念:从印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛市禁止切割女性生殖器官(FGM)跨国规范本土化中汲取的经验教训
Safriska Desna Putri
This paper is a critical review of Amitav Acharya's concept related to the process of global norm adaptation. Acharya wrote that norm internalization leads to three possible outcomes, i.e., the norms being accepted (norm displacement), adapted and modified (localization), or rejected (resistance rejection). This paper will analyze the localization of transnational norms to the domestic sphere, both the process, and its result. To understand Acharya's concept, the authors use a case study of global norm localization on anti Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Gorontalo, Indonesia. In Gorontalo, the global norm of FGM was initially accepted by the people and was implemented  as government policies. However, later on there was rejection by the people which pressured for the modification of the regulation. According to Acharya, this was made possible by the role of key actor of norm adaptation, which are the local agents.This paper tries to answer the question "How is the process of localization of transnational norms in the case study of female genital mutilation in Gorontalo, Indonesia?" which then contributes to the identification of the different factors that facilitate local agents to successfully modify the transnational norms imposed to the local settings.  
本文是对阿米塔夫-阿查里亚关于全球规范适应过程的概念的批判性回顾。阿查里亚写道,规范内化会导致三种可能的结果,即规范被接受(规范迁移)、被调整和修改(本土化)或被拒绝(抵制拒绝)。本文将分析跨国规范在国内的本土化过程及其结果。为了理解阿查里亚的概念,作者使用了印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛市反切割女性生殖器官(FGM)全球规范本土化的案例研究。在戈伦塔洛,女性外阴残割的全球规范最初被人们接受,并作为政府政策实施。然而,后来遭到了人们的反对,迫使政府修改了规定。本文试图回答 "在印度尼西亚戈伦塔洛女性外阴残割的案例研究中,跨国规范的本地化过程是怎样的?"这一问题,进而有助于确定促进本地机构成功修改强加给本地环境的跨国规范的不同因素。
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引用次数: 0
REALIZING INCLUSIVE PUBLIC SERVICES 实现包容性公共服务
Denny Iswanto
Today, public demand for effective, efficient and inclusive services to the government is getting higher and requires a change in the way the government works by innovating in providing inclusive services. The inclusiveness of public services is defined as the provision of services to the public in general, whether or not they have special needs, which are organized into a systemic unit in order to provide opportunities for the development of their potential. One of the innovations made by the Malang City Government in realizing inclusive services is the Braille Corner Service (Lapo Bra). This program was taken as a step to realize the spirit of equality for all citizens in obtaining rights in the fields of literacy and education. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the government's efforts in providing literacy services for persons with disabilities in the city of Malang. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) research method of identifying, reviewing, evaluating, and interpreting all available research topics of interest to phenomena. The results of the study indicate that there have been fulfillment of inclusive service aspects from Lapo Bra services in Malang City. It still needs to be further developed towards adaptive services.
当前,人民群众对政府服务效能、效率和普惠性的要求越来越高,要求政府转变工作方式,创新普惠服务方式。公共服务的包容性被定义为向一般公众提供服务,无论他们是否有特殊需要,这些服务都被组织成一个系统的单位,以便为他们提供发展潜力的机会。玛琅市政府在实现普惠服务方面的创新之一是盲文角落服务(Lapo Bra)。该方案是实现所有公民在获得识字和教育权利方面的平等精神的一个步骤。本研究的目的是识别和分析政府在玛琅市为残疾人提供扫盲服务方面所做的努力。本研究采用系统文献综述(SLR)的研究方法,识别、回顾、评价和解释所有对现象感兴趣的研究课题。研究结果表明,玛琅市的拉坡文胸服务已经实现了包容性服务的各个方面。它仍然需要进一步向适应性服务发展。
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引用次数: 0
THE ROLE OF DAYAK BAKATI WOMEN IN KIUNG VILLAGE IN MAKING BIA AS A FORM OF MAINTAINING FOOD TRADITIONS 在king村,dayak bakati妇女在制作bia中扮演的角色是一种保持食物传统的形式
Jaklin Ana, Theresia Pratiwi Elingsetyo Sanubari
The role of the Dayak Bakati women in Kiung Village is very important in preparing the traditional maka'k dio pade ceremony. This tradition uses food products that are processed as complementary materials for carrying out traditional rituals. Purpose: This study aims to determine the role of Dayak Bakati women from Kiung Village in food processing to sustain food traditions and customs. Method: A qualitative approach with a direct interview technique was used. Results: The Dayak Bakati women live daily as farmers and fulfill household needs from garden and field products. This shows that they are closely related to nature, society, and customs. Conclusion: The Dayak Bakati women not only become housewives but also practicefarming and gardening to achieve food sovereignty. The improvement and fulfillment of food traditions relate to the food sovereignty of the community and the method of processing bia for the maka'k dio pade tradition. However, this tradition is rarely practiced due to the belief in individual religion, but thisis not the major reason for the decline. The maka'k dio pade is rarely carried out by the 2000s generation because they have migrated to study abroad.   Keywords: Tradition, food sovereignty, the role of women  
在准备传统的maka'k dio pagade仪式时,Kiung村的Dayak Bakati妇女的作用非常重要。这种传统使用加工过的食品作为进行传统仪式的补充材料。目的:本研究旨在确定来自金村的达亚克巴卡蒂妇女在食品加工中维持食品传统和习俗的作用。方法:采用直接访谈法进行定性分析。结果:Dayak Bakati妇女每天以农民的身份生活,并从菜园和田间产品中满足家庭需求。这表明它们与自然、社会和习俗密切相关。结论:Dayak Bakati妇女不仅成为家庭主妇,而且还从事耕作和园艺,以实现粮食主权。食物传统的改善和实现关系到社区的食物主权和maka'k dio pade传统的加工方法。然而,由于对个人宗教的信仰,这种传统很少被实践,但这并不是衰落的主要原因。“00后”很少进行maka’k dio,因为他们已经移民到国外学习。关键词:传统,粮食主权,女性角色
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引用次数: 0
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SALASIKA Indonesian Journal of Gender Women Child and Social Inclusion s Studies
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