Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82098
Luyolo Ntozakhe, Raymond Tichaona Taziwa
It is very important to find new methods for improving the properties of nanostructured materials that can be used to replace the highly expensive and compli-cated techniques of fabricating ZnO nano-powders for solar cell applications. Pneumatic spray pyrolysis method offers a relatively inexpensive way of fabricating ZnO nanomaterials of controllable morphology, good crystallinity and uniform size distribution, which makes it a good candidate for the production of ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, it has the advantage of producing ZnO NPs in one step directly on the substrate without the need for other wet chemistry processes like purification, drying and calcination. To that end, the present study emphasizes more on the design and optimization of spray pyrolysis system as well as on the pneumatic spray pyrolysis conditions for the production of carbon-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The un-doped and carbon-doped ZnO NPs were prepared using pneumatic spray pyrolysis employing zinc acetate as a precursor solution and tetrabutylammonium as a dopant. The fabricated un-doped and C-ZnO NPs were characterized for their morphological, structural and optical properties using SEMEDX, XRD and DRS. SEM analysis has revealed that the fabricated un-doped and C-ZnO NPs have spherical shape with mesoporous morphology. The cross-sectional SEM has also revealed that the film thickness changes with increasing dopant concentration from 0.31 to 0.41 μ m at higher concentrations. Moreover, the EDX spectra have confirmed the presence of Zn and O atoms in the PSP-synthesized ZnO NPs. XRD analysis of both un-doped and C-ZnO has revealed the peaks belonging to hexagonal Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Additionally, the DRS has revealed a decrease in energy band gap of the synthesized ZnO NPs, with the increase in carbon dopant level.
{"title":"Pyrolysis of Carbon-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Solar Cell Application","authors":"Luyolo Ntozakhe, Raymond Tichaona Taziwa","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.82098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82098","url":null,"abstract":"It is very important to find new methods for improving the properties of nanostructured materials that can be used to replace the highly expensive and compli-cated techniques of fabricating ZnO nano-powders for solar cell applications. Pneumatic spray pyrolysis method offers a relatively inexpensive way of fabricating ZnO nanomaterials of controllable morphology, good crystallinity and uniform size distribution, which makes it a good candidate for the production of ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, it has the advantage of producing ZnO NPs in one step directly on the substrate without the need for other wet chemistry processes like purification, drying and calcination. To that end, the present study emphasizes more on the design and optimization of spray pyrolysis system as well as on the pneumatic spray pyrolysis conditions for the production of carbon-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The un-doped and carbon-doped ZnO NPs were prepared using pneumatic spray pyrolysis employing zinc acetate as a precursor solution and tetrabutylammonium as a dopant. The fabricated un-doped and C-ZnO NPs were characterized for their morphological, structural and optical properties using SEMEDX, XRD and DRS. SEM analysis has revealed that the fabricated un-doped and C-ZnO NPs have spherical shape with mesoporous morphology. The cross-sectional SEM has also revealed that the film thickness changes with increasing dopant concentration from 0.31 to 0.41 μ m at higher concentrations. Moreover, the EDX spectra have confirmed the presence of Zn and O atoms in the PSP-synthesized ZnO NPs. XRD analysis of both un-doped and C-ZnO has revealed the peaks belonging to hexagonal Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Additionally, the DRS has revealed a decrease in energy band gap of the synthesized ZnO NPs, with the increase in carbon dopant level.","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89364669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-05DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86254
Tyona Md
Zinc oxide and doping effects of Cu on its structural, morphological, optical, and surface wettability properties and the consequent influence on photoelectrochemical solar cell performance has been reviewed. Cu dopant in the doping solution is varied in the range of 1 to 5 at.% which significantly affected the properties of ZnO. Slight changes in the lattice parameters of the Cu-doped zinc oxide (CZO) electrodes were reported, due to the successful substitution of Zn 2+ by Cu 2+ and also enhancement in crystallinity of the films at 3 at.% Cu due to reduction in crystallographic defects in the film. Surface morphologies were reported with densely grown nanorods over the varied range of Cu, with 3 at.% having the densest microstructures with average diameter approximately 125 nm. A review of optical properties indicated significant enhancement in absorption edge of approximately 60 nm into the visible band for the nanorods with 3 at.% Cu content due to light scattering. Optical energy band-gaps decrease from 3.03 to 2.70 eV with Cu doping. Surface wettability was adjudged hydrophilic for all the films, implying high porosity and water contact angles depended on Cu content. Photoelectrochemical cell performance indicated an n-type photoactivity in sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) electrolyte, which motivates to check its feasibility in solar cell applications.
{"title":"Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Solar Cells Application","authors":"Tyona Md","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86254","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide and doping effects of Cu on its structural, morphological, optical, and surface wettability properties and the consequent influence on photoelectrochemical solar cell performance has been reviewed. Cu dopant in the doping solution is varied in the range of 1 to 5 at.% which significantly affected the properties of ZnO. Slight changes in the lattice parameters of the Cu-doped zinc oxide (CZO) electrodes were reported, due to the successful substitution of Zn 2+ by Cu 2+ and also enhancement in crystallinity of the films at 3 at.% Cu due to reduction in crystallographic defects in the film. Surface morphologies were reported with densely grown nanorods over the varied range of Cu, with 3 at.% having the densest microstructures with average diameter approximately 125 nm. A review of optical properties indicated significant enhancement in absorption edge of approximately 60 nm into the visible band for the nanorods with 3 at.% Cu content due to light scattering. Optical energy band-gaps decrease from 3.03 to 2.70 eV with Cu doping. Surface wettability was adjudged hydrophilic for all the films, implying high porosity and water contact angles depended on Cu content. Photoelectrochemical cell performance indicated an n-type photoactivity in sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) electrolyte, which motivates to check its feasibility in solar cell applications.","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74270610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86169
Herrera-Pérez Gabriel, Pérez-Zúñiga Germán, Verde-Gómez Ysmael, Valenzuela-Muñiz Ana María, Vargas-Bernal Rafael
An important area to cope with in the implementation of technologies for the generation of energy from renewable sources is storage, so it is a priority to develop new ways of storing energy with high efficiency and storage capacity. Experimental reports focused on ZnO-graphene composite materials applied to the anode design which indicated that they show low efficiencies of around 50 %, but values very close to the theoretical capacity have already been reported in recent years. The low efficiency of the materials for the anode design of the Li-ion battery is mainly attributed to the pulverization and fragmentation of the material or materials, caused by the volumetric changes and stability problems during the charge/discharge cycles. In this chapter, we will discuss the development of composite materials such as ZnO-graphene in its application for the design of the anode in the Li-ion battery.
{"title":"Anodic ZnO-Graphene Composite Materials in Lithium Batteries","authors":"Herrera-Pérez Gabriel, Pérez-Zúñiga Germán, Verde-Gómez Ysmael, Valenzuela-Muñiz Ana María, Vargas-Bernal Rafael","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86169","url":null,"abstract":"An important area to cope with in the implementation of technologies for the generation of energy from renewable sources is storage, so it is a priority to develop new ways of storing energy with high efficiency and storage capacity. Experimental reports focused on ZnO-graphene composite materials applied to the anode design which indicated that they show low efficiencies of around 50 %, but values very close to the theoretical capacity have already been reported in recent years. The low efficiency of the materials for the anode design of the Li-ion battery is mainly attributed to the pulverization and fragmentation of the material or materials, caused by the volumetric changes and stability problems during the charge/discharge cycles. In this chapter, we will discuss the development of composite materials such as ZnO-graphene in its application for the design of the anode in the Li-ion battery.","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89603801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82467
T. K. Pathak, H. Swart
Zinc oxide has been used for many applications, for example optoelectronic devices, ceramics, catalysts, pigments, varistors and many other important applications. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by mixture of fuel approach in solution combustion method. Mixtures of urea, glycine and citric acid were mixed at room temperature with Zinc nitrates as fuels resulting in spontane-ous ignition resulting in production of ZnO nanopowder. The crystal structure and size of the synthesized powder were determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), which revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanopowder has the pure wurtzite structure having crystallite size 26–40 nm. Optical studies of nanomaterial were examined by FTIR and UV-Visible absorption spectrum. The luminescence studies also investigated in the visible region 360–800 nm with excitation 325 nm laser. These nanomaterials may be used in solid-state lightening devices. of fuel content on luminescence and antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanocrystalline powders synthesized by the combustion method.”
{"title":"Structural and Luminescence Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Mixture of Fuel Approach in Solution Combustion Method","authors":"T. K. Pathak, H. Swart","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82467","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide has been used for many applications, for example optoelectronic devices, ceramics, catalysts, pigments, varistors and many other important applications. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by mixture of fuel approach in solution combustion method. Mixtures of urea, glycine and citric acid were mixed at room temperature with Zinc nitrates as fuels resulting in spontane-ous ignition resulting in production of ZnO nanopowder. The crystal structure and size of the synthesized powder were determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), which revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanopowder has the pure wurtzite structure having crystallite size 26–40 nm. Optical studies of nanomaterial were examined by FTIR and UV-Visible absorption spectrum. The luminescence studies also investigated in the visible region 360–800 nm with excitation 325 nm laser. These nanomaterials may be used in solid-state lightening devices. of fuel content on luminescence and antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanocrystalline powders synthesized by the combustion method.”","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81327774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-07DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83338
T. Isık, Mohamed Elhousseini Hilal, N. Horzum
ZnO-based nanomaterials have been proven to be of great use for several leading applications since the beginning of nanoscience due to the abundance of zinc element and the relatively easy conversion of its oxide to nanostructures. Nowadays, ZnO as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers as well as plenty of other sophisticated nanostructures takes place among the pioneer nanomaterials employed in the photovoltaic sys-tems, fuel cells, and biomedical fields. Nevertheless, optimizing energy consumption and being eco-friendly are the challenging requirements that are still to be overcome for their synthesis. Green chemistry has been strongly presented recently in the scientific arena as an adequate potential alternative; worldwide investigations have been held on subjects involving bacteria, fungus, or algae-based synthesis as efficient options, and some of the intriguing scientific findings on this subject are reported hereafter. peltata , red Hypnea Valencia and brown Sargassum myriocystum in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The results revealed that among three
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures","authors":"T. Isık, Mohamed Elhousseini Hilal, N. Horzum","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83338","url":null,"abstract":"ZnO-based nanomaterials have been proven to be of great use for several leading applications since the beginning of nanoscience due to the abundance of zinc element and the relatively easy conversion of its oxide to nanostructures. Nowadays, ZnO as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers as well as plenty of other sophisticated nanostructures takes place among the pioneer nanomaterials employed in the photovoltaic sys-tems, fuel cells, and biomedical fields. Nevertheless, optimizing energy consumption and being eco-friendly are the challenging requirements that are still to be overcome for their synthesis. Green chemistry has been strongly presented recently in the scientific arena as an adequate potential alternative; worldwide investigations have been held on subjects involving bacteria, fungus, or algae-based synthesis as efficient options, and some of the intriguing scientific findings on this subject are reported hereafter. peltata , red Hypnea Valencia and brown Sargassum myriocystum in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The results revealed that among three","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79981914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84265
Sanghwa Lee, Jun Ki Kim
Detection of nanometer-sized biomarkers is a research topic that attracts much attention as an application for early diagnosis of diseases. Biopsy monitoring by analyzing cell secretion in a non-destructive way has many advantages in the field of biomedicine. We introduce the Raman signal enhancement method on a bio-sensing chip based on surface-enhanced Raman diagnosis. This approach has the advantage because the ZnO nanorods are grown to form nanoscale porosity and are coated with gold to enable size selective biomarker detection. After sputtering gold on the grown ZnO nanostructures, the unique feature of clustering the nanorod’s heads first appeared. The grain formation on the head was the main factor for the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enhancement, and this fact could be verified by finite element analysis. It has been demonstrated in breast cancer cell line that the cell viability is also high in such gold-clad ZnO nanostructure-based surface-enhanced substrates. For bioapplication, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) animal model was prepared by injecting HCl into the bladder of a rat, and urine was collected a week later to conduct Raman spectroscopy experiments.
{"title":"Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based on ZnO Nanorods for Biological Applications","authors":"Sanghwa Lee, Jun Ki Kim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84265","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of nanometer-sized biomarkers is a research topic that attracts much attention as an application for early diagnosis of diseases. Biopsy monitoring by analyzing cell secretion in a non-destructive way has many advantages in the field of biomedicine. We introduce the Raman signal enhancement method on a bio-sensing chip based on surface-enhanced Raman diagnosis. This approach has the advantage because the ZnO nanorods are grown to form nanoscale porosity and are coated with gold to enable size selective biomarker detection. After sputtering gold on the grown ZnO nanostructures, the unique feature of clustering the nanorod’s heads first appeared. The grain formation on the head was the main factor for the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enhancement, and this fact could be verified by finite element analysis. It has been demonstrated in breast cancer cell line that the cell viability is also high in such gold-clad ZnO nanostructure-based surface-enhanced substrates. For bioapplication, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) animal model was prepared by injecting HCl into the bladder of a rat, and urine was collected a week later to conduct Raman spectroscopy experiments.","PeriodicalId":24015,"journal":{"name":"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87575984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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