Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198864240.003.0002
S. Evangelista
This chapter reads Oscar Wilde’s writings and career through the prism of world literature. The idea of world literature, originally formulated by Goethe in the 1820s, only gained wider currency in Britain at the end of the century, thanks to the influence of the English Goethe Society and its first president, Max Müller. Shortly after the establishment of the Society, in ‘The Critic as Artist’ (1891), Wilde drew on Goethe’s idea of world literature as the cornerstone for a liberal cosmopolitanism that celebrates cultural difference and sexual tolerance. Wilde’s interest in world literature found a practical outlet in Salomé (1893). The early reception of Salomé illustrates Wilde’s privileged yet precarious position between Britain and France: on both sides of the Channel his Symbolist drama was criticized from nationalist perspectives.
本章通过世界文学的棱镜来解读奥斯卡·王尔德的作品和职业生涯。世界文学的概念最初是由歌德在19世纪20年代提出的，直到19世纪末才在英国得到更广泛的传播，这要归功于英国歌德协会及其第一任主席马克斯·米勒(Max m ller)的影响。在协会成立后不久，王尔德在《作为艺术家的批评家》(1891)中借鉴了歌德的世界文学思想，将其作为自由世界主义的基石，颂扬文化差异和性宽容。王尔德对世界文学的兴趣在《萨洛梅斯》(1893)中找到了一个实际的出口。《萨洛梅斯》的早期接受说明了王尔德在英法之间享有特权却又岌岌可危的地位:在海峡两岸，他的象征主义戏剧都受到民族主义观点的批评。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198864240.003.0006
S. Evangelista
This chapter explores the relationship between the proliferation of artificial languages and literary cosmopolitanism at the turn of the century: both strove to promote ideas of world citizenship, universal communication, and peaceful international relations. The two most successful artificial languages of this period, Volapük and Esperanto, employed literature, literary translation, and the periodical medium to create a new type of cosmopolitan literacy intended to quench divisive nationalisms and to challenge Herder’s theories on the link between national language and individual identity. Starting with Henry James’s lampooning of Volapük in his short story ‘The Pupil’ (1891), the chapter charts the uneasy relationship between literature and artificial language movements. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, stressed the importance of literary translation for his utopian ideal and used original literature to explore the complex affect of his cosmopolitan identity. The chapter closes with an analysis of the growth of the Esperanto movement in turn-of-the-century Britain, focusing on its overlap with literary, artistic, and radical circles, on contributions by Max Müller, W. T. Stead, and Felix Moscheles, and on the 1907 Cambridge Esperanto World Congress.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198864240.003.0003
S. Evangelista
Lafcadio Hearn’s writings provide a radically different understanding of literary cosmopolitanism from Wilde’s. This chapter studies Hearn’s attempts to translate and transpose aestheticism onto a global stage. It argues that Hearn’s works compound a commitment to preserving cultural differences with essentialism, exoticism, and even, paradoxically, elements of cultural nationalism. Hearn’s early translations of Théophile Gautier’s fantastic stories created a dialogue between metropolitan European aestheticism and the cosmopolitan culture of nineteenth-century New Orleans. In his writings on Japan, Hearn employed literary impressionism and ghost narratives (some of which look back to Gautier) to interrogate his own authority as Western essayist and to capture the peculiar temporality of turn-of-the-century Japan, a country caught between traditional culture and modernization, nationalist and cosmopolitan tendencies. In Japan, Hearn also lectured extensively on British aestheticism, encouraging his students to draw inspiration from it for the creation of a cosmopolitan Japanese literature of the future.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198864240.003.0004
S. Evangelista
This chapter brings to light George Egerton’s role as a key mediator of Scandinavian literature. In her most famous collections of short stories, Keynotes (1893) and Discords (1894), Egerton used Scandinavian settings in order to portray women’s experience of international mobility, drawing attention to the importance of gender in the construction of cosmopolitan identities. After the success of her early works, Egerton produced pioneering English translations of works by Norwegian future Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun and Swedish decadent Ola Hansson. Egerton practised literary translation as a form of creative collaboration and used it to advocate Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Egerton’s involvement in the aborted ‘Northern Light’ series, a venture planned by the influential progressive publisher John Lane in order to bring modern Scandinavian literature to English readers.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198864240.003.0005
S. Evangelista
This chapter argues that the periodical medium played a fundamental role in the construction of literary cosmopolitanism as a discursive phenomenon. It focuses on two periodicals launched in the fin de siècle: the American Cosmopolitan and the European Cosmopolis. The commercially oriented and middle-brow Cosmopolitan promoted cosmopolitanism as a female-gendered social identity linked to class privilege, as testified by the serialization of Elizabeth Bisland’s round-the-world trip in 1889. However, it also interrogated the cosmopolitan tendencies of modern American literature embodied by the writings of Henry James. By contrast, the short-lived Cosmopolis was a high-brow periodical that aimed to revive Kant’s Enlightenment ideal and Goethe’s notion of world literature. It was committed to multilingualism and to fighting nationalism. The chapter closes with an analysis of Cosmopolis as a competitor to the iconic 1890s English literary periodicals, the Yellow Book and The Savoy.
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