Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722094
Rivalino Matias, Ibrahim Beicker, Breno Leitão, P. Maciel
Software aging is a phenomenon defined as the continuing degradation of software systems during runtime, being particularly noticeable in long-running applications. Measuring aging effects is a very important step towards identifying the most significant causes of software aging, so rejuvenation mechanisms can be applied effectively. The literature has already discussed aging monitoring from a userspace perspective. In this paper we present an innovative study where we explore OS kernel instrumentation techniques to measure software aging effects. Kernel instrumentations are available in practically all modern operating systems and we show how this powerful mechanism can be used to monitor either application-specific or system-wide aging indicators. In addition to the theoretical study, we present numerical results obtained from controlled experiments.
{"title":"Measuring software aging effects through OS kernel instrumentation","authors":"Rivalino Matias, Ibrahim Beicker, Breno Leitão, P. Maciel","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722094","url":null,"abstract":"Software aging is a phenomenon defined as the continuing degradation of software systems during runtime, being particularly noticeable in long-running applications. Measuring aging effects is a very important step towards identifying the most significant causes of software aging, so rejuvenation mechanisms can be applied effectively. The literature has already discussed aging monitoring from a userspace perspective. In this paper we present an innovative study where we explore OS kernel instrumentation techniques to measure software aging effects. Kernel instrumentations are available in practically all modern operating systems and we show how this powerful mechanism can be used to monitor either application-specific or system-wide aging indicators. In addition to the theoretical study, we present numerical results obtained from controlled experiments.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123774729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722099
H. Okamura, T. Dohi
This paper deals with the performance analysis of a queueing system with rejuvenation controls. In particular, we describe the arrival process by the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) and consider a gradually degraded sever system. Under this situation, we discuss the system throughput of the queueing system and the optimal rejuvenation strategy maximizing the throughput based on the semi-Markov decision process in the case where the arrival and service rates are observable.
{"title":"Performance-aware software rejuvenation strategies in a queueing system","authors":"H. Okamura, T. Dohi","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the performance analysis of a queueing system with rejuvenation controls. In particular, we describe the arrival process by the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) and consider a gradually degraded sever system. Under this situation, we discuss the system throughput of the queueing system and the optimal rejuvenation strategy maximizing the throughput based on the semi-Markov decision process in the case where the arrival and service rates are observable.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722102
A. Platis, V. Koutras
One of the major issues for PKI-based mechanisms is the validity of user's certificate. In order to examine whether a certificate is valid or not, the PKI Certificate Authority (CA) has to check the most recent Certificate Revocation List (CRL) that maintains. But the CRL is not always available when is needed. In such a case the problem to be solved is whether to proceed to a transaction or abandon it. One of the main reasons for CRL's unavailability is the CA's server unavailability. In this paper we innovatively propose to adopt software rejuvenation to reduce the probability that CA's cannot issue the CRL. Using a Markovbased model, an indicator is derived, concerning the cost of security incidents and abandoned transactions The aim of the present work consists firstly in defining a threshold under which a transaction can be accomplished even without checking the CRL and secondly in scheduling software rejuvenation on CA's server such that the total operational cost is minimized)
{"title":"Software rejuvenation on a PKI","authors":"A. Platis, V. Koutras","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722102","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major issues for PKI-based mechanisms is the validity of user's certificate. In order to examine whether a certificate is valid or not, the PKI Certificate Authority (CA) has to check the most recent Certificate Revocation List (CRL) that maintains. But the CRL is not always available when is needed. In such a case the problem to be solved is whether to proceed to a transaction or abandon it. One of the main reasons for CRL's unavailability is the CA's server unavailability. In this paper we innovatively propose to adopt software rejuvenation to reduce the probability that CA's cannot issue the CRL. Using a Markovbased model, an indicator is derived, concerning the cost of security incidents and abandoned transactions The aim of the present work consists firstly in defining a threshold under which a transaction can be accomplished even without checking the CRL and secondly in scheduling software rejuvenation on CA's server such that the total operational cost is minimized)","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115115428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722093
Jing Zhao, Kishor S. Trivedi, Yanbin Wang, Xiao Chen
A number of studies have reported the phenomenon of “Software aging”, characterized by progressive software performance degradation. This is mainly caused by the exhaustion of the combination of system resources. Traditionally, modeling and analysis of software aging has been restricted to a single resource aging. The combined effect of software aging due to the interaction of several resources remains to be explored. A BP network model for the evaluation of software performance affected by aging is proposed in this paper, and then a robust locally weighted regression algorithm is presented to identify the inflexion point. The shape of performance curve changes greatly at the inflexion point, which makes it easy to determine when to perform software rejuvenation. Experimental results based on actual data sets verify the proposed model effectiveness in evaluation of the software performance.
{"title":"Evaluation of software performance affected by aging","authors":"Jing Zhao, Kishor S. Trivedi, Yanbin Wang, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722093","url":null,"abstract":"A number of studies have reported the phenomenon of “Software aging”, characterized by progressive software performance degradation. This is mainly caused by the exhaustion of the combination of system resources. Traditionally, modeling and analysis of software aging has been restricted to a single resource aging. The combined effect of software aging due to the interaction of several resources remains to be explored. A BP network model for the evaluation of software performance affected by aging is proposed in this paper, and then a robust locally weighted regression algorithm is presented to identify the inflexion point. The shape of performance curve changes greatly at the inflexion point, which makes it easy to determine when to perform software rejuvenation. Experimental results based on actual data sets verify the proposed model effectiveness in evaluation of the software performance.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114600003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722098
F. Machida, Dong Seong Kim, Kishor S. Trivedi
As server virtualization is used as an essential software infrastructure of various software services such as cloud computing, availability management of server virtualized system is becoming more significant. Although time-based software rejuvenation is useful to postpone/prevent failures due to software aging in a server virtualized system, the rejuvenation schedules for virtual machine (VM) and virtual machine monitor (VMM) need to be determined in a proper way for the VM availability, since VMM rejuvenation affects VMs running on the VMM. This paper presents analytic models using stochastic reward nets for three time-based rejuvenation techniques of VMM; (i) Cold-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are shut down before the VMM rejuvenation, (ii) Warm-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are suspended before the VMM rejuvenation and (iii) Migrate-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are moved to the other host server during the VMM rejuvenation. We compare the three techniques in terms of steady-state availability and the number of transactions lost in a year. We find the optimal combination of rejuvenation trigger intervals for each rejuvenation technique by a gradient search method. The numerical analysis shows the interesting result that Warm-VM rejuvenation does not always outperform Cold-VM rejuvenation in terms of steady-state availability depending on rejuvenation trigger intervals. Migrate-VM rejuvenation is better than the other two as long as live VM migration rate is large enough and the other host server has a capacity to accept the migrated VM.
{"title":"Modeling and analysis of software rejuvenation in a server virtualized system","authors":"F. Machida, Dong Seong Kim, Kishor S. Trivedi","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722098","url":null,"abstract":"As server virtualization is used as an essential software infrastructure of various software services such as cloud computing, availability management of server virtualized system is becoming more significant. Although time-based software rejuvenation is useful to postpone/prevent failures due to software aging in a server virtualized system, the rejuvenation schedules for virtual machine (VM) and virtual machine monitor (VMM) need to be determined in a proper way for the VM availability, since VMM rejuvenation affects VMs running on the VMM. This paper presents analytic models using stochastic reward nets for three time-based rejuvenation techniques of VMM; (i) Cold-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are shut down before the VMM rejuvenation, (ii) Warm-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are suspended before the VMM rejuvenation and (iii) Migrate-VM rejuvenation in which all VMs are moved to the other host server during the VMM rejuvenation. We compare the three techniques in terms of steady-state availability and the number of transactions lost in a year. We find the optimal combination of rejuvenation trigger intervals for each rejuvenation technique by a gradient search method. The numerical analysis shows the interesting result that Warm-VM rejuvenation does not always outperform Cold-VM rejuvenation in terms of steady-state availability depending on rejuvenation trigger intervals. Migrate-VM rejuvenation is better than the other two as long as live VM migration rate is large enough and the other host server has a capacity to accept the migrated VM.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122660940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722101
M. Moreno, L. Soares
This paper proposes a recovery plan for Ginga-NCL, the declarative middleware environment of the Japan-Brazilian Digital TV Standard and ITU-T Recommendation for IPTV services. The proposed plan aims at providing resilience to digital TV presentations. As proof of concept, the recovery plan has been incorporated to the Ginga-NCL reference implementation. However, it can also be applied to other DTV middlewares.
{"title":"Resilient hypermedia presentations","authors":"M. Moreno, L. Soares","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a recovery plan for Ginga-NCL, the declarative middleware environment of the Japan-Brazilian Digital TV Standard and ITU-T Recommendation for IPTV services. The proposed plan aims at providing resilience to digital TV presentations. As proof of concept, the recovery plan has been incorporated to the Ginga-NCL reference implementation. However, it can also be applied to other DTV middlewares.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129024158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722100
P. Reinecke, K. Wolter
We study the effectiveness of client-side restart and server-side rejuvenation on a system that suffers from software ageing due to memory leaks. An implicit and an explicit model for software ageing are studied. We consider system and service unavailability as measures for the availability of the server.
{"title":"A simulation study on the effectiveness of restart and rejuvenation to mitigate the effects of software ageing","authors":"P. Reinecke, K. Wolter","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722100","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effectiveness of client-side restart and server-side rejuvenation on a system that suffers from software ageing due to memory leaks. An implicit and an explicit model for software ageing are studied. We consider system and service unavailability as measures for the availability of the server.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115762752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722096
Domenico Cotroneo, R. Natella, R. Pietrantuono
This work presents an empirical analysis aiming at investigating what kind of relationship exists between software aging and several static features of the software. While past studies on software aging focused on predicting the aging effects by monitoring and analytically modeling resource consumption at runtime, this study intends to explore if the static features of the software, as derived by its source code, presents potential relationships with software aging. We adopt a set of common software metrics concerning program structure, such as size and cyclomatic complexity, along with some features specifically developed for this study; metrics were then computed from ten complex software applications affected by aging. A statistical analysis to infer their relationship with software aging was carried out. Results encourage further investigations in this direction, since they show that software aging effects are related to the static features of software.
{"title":"Is software aging related to software metrics?","authors":"Domenico Cotroneo, R. Natella, R. Pietrantuono","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722096","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an empirical analysis aiming at investigating what kind of relationship exists between software aging and several static features of the software. While past studies on software aging focused on predicting the aging effects by monitoring and analytically modeling resource consumption at runtime, this study intends to explore if the static features of the software, as derived by its source code, presents potential relationships with software aging. We adopt a set of common software metrics concerning program structure, such as size and cyclomatic complexity, along with some features specifically developed for this study; metrics were then computed from ten complex software applications affected by aging. A statistical analysis to infer their relationship with software aging was carried out. Results encourage further investigations in this direction, since they show that software aging effects are related to the static features of software.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722095
J. Magalhães, L. Silva
The topic of this paper is about prediction of performance anomalies caused by software aging. We have developed a framework for detection of performance anomalies that is targeted to web and component-based applications. In this study, we selected some amount of historical data previously collected and we conducted a correlation analysis with this data. The resulting dataset was then submitted to some Machine-Learning (ML) classification algorithms. The best algorithms were selected according to the accuracy and precision. In a second step, we induced some synthetic aging scenarios (memory leaks and CPU contention) in the application and we tried to do estimation of the system parameters by using time-series analysis. With the estimated values we conducted a classification with the three previous ML algorithms. From the initial results we observed that combining the estimation of parameters supported by time-series models with ML classification techniques provides some good results on the prediction of performance anomalies. We also observed that there is no single ML algorithm that can be applied effectively to predict the response time for all the web-transactions.
{"title":"Prediction of performance anomalies in web-applications based-on software aging scenarios","authors":"J. Magalhães, L. Silva","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722095","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of this paper is about prediction of performance anomalies caused by software aging. We have developed a framework for detection of performance anomalies that is targeted to web and component-based applications. In this study, we selected some amount of historical data previously collected and we conducted a correlation analysis with this data. The resulting dataset was then submitted to some Machine-Learning (ML) classification algorithms. The best algorithms were selected according to the accuracy and precision. In a second step, we induced some synthetic aging scenarios (memory leaks and CPU contention) in the application and we tried to do estimation of the system parameters by using time-series analysis. With the estimated values we conducted a classification with the three previous ML algorithms. From the initial results we observed that combining the estimation of parameters supported by time-series models with ML classification techniques provides some good results on the prediction of performance anomalies. We also observed that there is no single ML algorithm that can be applied effectively to predict the response time for all the web-transactions.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"14 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120984227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722097
Autran Macêdo, T. Ferreira, Rivalino Matias
Software aging is a phenomenon defined as the continuing degradation of software systems during runtime, being particularly noticeable in long-running applications. Memory-related aging effects are one of the most important problems in this research field. Therefore understanding their causes and how they work is a major requirement in designing dependable software systems. In this paper we go deep into how memory management works inside application process, focusing on two memory problems that cause software aging: fragmenting and leakage. We explain the mechanics of memory-related software aging effects dissecting a real and widely adopted memory allocator. Along with the theoretical explanation, we present an experimental study that illustrates how memory fragmenting and leakage occur and how they accumulate over time in order to cause system aging-related failures.
{"title":"The mechanics of memory-related software aging","authors":"Autran Macêdo, T. Ferreira, Rivalino Matias","doi":"10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSAR.2010.5722097","url":null,"abstract":"Software aging is a phenomenon defined as the continuing degradation of software systems during runtime, being particularly noticeable in long-running applications. Memory-related aging effects are one of the most important problems in this research field. Therefore understanding their causes and how they work is a major requirement in designing dependable software systems. In this paper we go deep into how memory management works inside application process, focusing on two memory problems that cause software aging: fragmenting and leakage. We explain the mechanics of memory-related software aging effects dissecting a real and widely adopted memory allocator. Along with the theoretical explanation, we present an experimental study that illustrates how memory fragmenting and leakage occur and how they accumulate over time in order to cause system aging-related failures.","PeriodicalId":244055,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Second International Workshop on Software Aging and Rejuvenation","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115123492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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