Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its gaseous precursors travel long distances, crossing state boundaries. The “good neighbor” provisions of the Clean Air Act require the U.S. EPA and States to address the cross-state transport of air pollution that affects states’ ability to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. While the Act does not explicitly consider the public health benefits of such plans, a socially desirable policy would address interstate transport while both maximizing benefits to public health and achieving a more equitable distribution of air pollution. However, designing such a policy is difficult. Analysts must evaluate a large number of emission control strategies, which is made time- and resource-intensive by computationally complex photochemical air quality models. I employed two reduced-form and spatially resolved models to develop a risk-based optimization method that achieves equity and efficiency. I applied this method to 4405 electric generating units regulated for their crossregional concerns by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to explore alternative plans that maximize health benefits while reducing cross-state transport of air pollutants. A scenario considering only efficiency resulted in 30% less monetized health costs ($17B/yr) compared to the historical reductions. Alternative scenarios with cross-state controls produced 9–12% less health costs while reducing the largest transports by a factor of 4 to 14 and narrowing the distributions of cross-state health effects. The results suggest that policies reducing cross-state air regulations can achieve multiple policy goals, including both equity and efficiency.
{"title":"Achieving Both Efficiency and Fairness in Risk-Based Cross-State Air Pollution Controls","authors":"Jinhyok Heo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3460372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3460372","url":null,"abstract":"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its gaseous precursors travel long distances, crossing state boundaries. The “good neighbor” provisions of the Clean Air Act require the U.S. EPA and States to address the cross-state transport of air pollution that affects states’ ability to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. While the Act does not explicitly consider the public health benefits of such plans, a socially desirable policy would address interstate transport while both maximizing benefits to public health and achieving a more equitable distribution of air pollution. However, designing such a policy is difficult. Analysts must evaluate a large number of emission control strategies, which is made time- and resource-intensive by computationally complex photochemical air quality models. I employed two reduced-form and spatially resolved models to develop a risk-based optimization method that achieves equity and efficiency. I applied this method to 4405 electric generating units regulated for their crossregional concerns by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to explore alternative plans that maximize health benefits while reducing cross-state transport of air pollutants. A scenario considering only efficiency resulted in 30% less monetized health costs ($17B/yr) compared to the historical reductions. Alternative scenarios with cross-state controls produced 9–12% less health costs while reducing the largest transports by a factor of 4 to 14 and narrowing the distributions of cross-state health effects. The results suggest that policies reducing cross-state air regulations can achieve multiple policy goals, including both equity and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":245347,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Civil & Environmental Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130443149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Higher noise level in heavy industries is harmful for workers. It causes ill effects like hearing loss, tired, weakness, higher blood pressure on health of industrial workers. Therefore, to improve the environment of the workplace and reduce unwanted noise in industries it is very important to find out effective and harmless noise control methods. The research work was conducted to investigate use of natural materials for industrial noise reduction to give effective solution for existing industrial noise problem .specimens having size of 75 mm (dia.) and 12.5mm, 25mm (thick.) were cast. Noise reduction coefficients of prepared specimens were calculated by using an experimental set-up. Experimental set-up consisted Noise level meter, function generator, speaker. Noise reduction capacity of materials was calculated by using Noise reduction coefficient (NRC). Effectiveness of natural materials for industrial noise reduction is discussed in this paper.
{"title":"Review Paper on Noise Control in Industry","authors":"P. Bamane, M. Kumthekar, Omkar Sharma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3368199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368199","url":null,"abstract":"Higher noise level in heavy industries is harmful for workers. It causes ill effects like hearing loss, tired, weakness, higher blood pressure on health of industrial workers. Therefore, to improve the environment of the workplace and reduce unwanted noise in industries it is very important to find out effective and harmless noise control methods. The research work was conducted to investigate use of natural materials for industrial noise reduction to give effective solution for existing industrial noise problem .specimens having size of 75 mm (dia.) and 12.5mm, 25mm (thick.) were cast. Noise reduction coefficients of prepared specimens were calculated by using an experimental set-up. Experimental set-up consisted Noise level meter, function generator, speaker. Noise reduction capacity of materials was calculated by using Noise reduction coefficient (NRC). Effectiveness of natural materials for industrial noise reduction is discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":245347,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Civil & Environmental Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123680109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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