The economic value women bring to their own households and to the broader economy is well-documented. In fact, nearly all of the economic gains that have occurred among middle-class families since 1970 have come from the increased earnings of women.
Mothers make substantial contributions to the finances of many families and households. In 2018, nearly half of the more than 30 million families with children under 18 in the United States had either a single mother or a married mother contributing at least 40% of a couple’s joint earnings.
{"title":"Economic Engagement of Mothers: Entrepreneurship, Employment, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty","authors":"J. Looze, S. Desai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3778859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3778859","url":null,"abstract":"The economic value women bring to their own households and to the broader economy is well-documented. In fact, nearly all of the economic gains that have occurred among middle-class families since 1970 have come from the increased earnings of women.<br><br>Mothers make substantial contributions to the finances of many families and households. In 2018, nearly half of the more than 30 million families with children under 18 in the United States had either a single mother or a married mother contributing at least 40% of a couple’s joint earnings.","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116441793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.1108/JEC-01-2020-0010
E. N. Okolo-Obasi, J. I. Uduji, S. Asongu
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on women involved in offshore and inshore fisheries entrepreneurship in the coastal communities of the Niger Delta region. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total 800 respondents were sampled across the coastal communities of the Niger Delta region. Findings The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model is gender insensitive, as extensive inequality restrains fisherwomen’s participation in the offshore and inshore fisheries entrepreneurship, often due to societal norms and customs that greatly frustrate women’s development in fisheries. Practical implications This implies that if fisherwomen continue in this unfavourable position, their reliance on menfolk would remain while trying to access financial support and decision-making regarding fisheries entrepreneurship development. Social implications The inshore and offshore fisheries entrepreneurship development can only succeed if cluster development boards of GMoUs are able to draw all the resources and talents and if fisherwomen are able to participate fully in the GMoUs intervention plans and programme. Originality/value This research contributes to the gender debate in fisheries entrepreneurship development from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern, and that CSR priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa should be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the socio-economic development challenges of the countries and be informed by socio-cultural influences.
{"title":"Women’s Participation in the Offshore and Inshore Fisheries Entrepreneurship: the Role of CSR in Nigeria’s Oil Coastal Communities","authors":"E. N. Okolo-Obasi, J. I. Uduji, S. Asongu","doi":"10.1108/JEC-01-2020-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2020-0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on women involved in offshore and inshore fisheries entrepreneurship in the coastal communities of the Niger Delta region.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total 800 respondents were sampled across the coastal communities of the Niger Delta region.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model is gender insensitive, as extensive inequality restrains fisherwomen’s participation in the offshore and inshore fisheries entrepreneurship, often due to societal norms and customs that greatly frustrate women’s development in fisheries.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000This implies that if fisherwomen continue in this unfavourable position, their reliance on menfolk would remain while trying to access financial support and decision-making regarding fisheries entrepreneurship development.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000The inshore and offshore fisheries entrepreneurship development can only succeed if cluster development boards of GMoUs are able to draw all the resources and talents and if fisherwomen are able to participate fully in the GMoUs intervention plans and programme.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This research contributes to the gender debate in fisheries entrepreneurship development from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern, and that CSR priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa should be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the socio-economic development challenges of the countries and be informed by socio-cultural influences.\u0000","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124480529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prof Dr Nitin Zaware, Santosh M. Shinde, Avinash Pawar, Santosh Aptet
The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep-rooted in Indian society where the sociological setup has been a male-dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective fields. The transformation of the social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the lifestyle of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive, and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cutthroat competition with their hard work, diligence, and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneurship in line with the reasons women become entrepreneurs and causes of the slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion and development of women entrepreneurship in India.
{"title":"Review and Assessment of Financial Constraints of Women Entrepreneurs In Maharashtra","authors":"Prof Dr Nitin Zaware, Santosh M. Shinde, Avinash Pawar, Santosh Aptet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3819184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3819184","url":null,"abstract":"The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep-rooted in Indian society where the sociological setup has been a male-dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective fields. The transformation of the social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the lifestyle of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive, and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cutthroat competition with their hard work, diligence, and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneurship in line with the reasons women become entrepreneurs and causes of the slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion and development of women entrepreneurship in India.","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114984010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Innovators' personal experience and social networks may affect their familiarity with customer needs, and in turn the types of products they bring to market. Consistent with this channel, we document that innovators create products that are more likely to be purchased by customers similar to them along observable dimensions including gender, age, and socio-economic status. With scanner data and a new phone applications database, we find that these homophily patterns hold even within detailed industries. Using quasi-random assignment of individuals to dorms during military service, we provide causal evidence that being exposed to peers from a lower income group increases an entrepreneur's propensity to create necessity products. The finding is similar with an alternative research design leveraging idiosyncratic within-school variation in peer composition across classes and cohorts. Because innovators are predominantly men from privileged backgrounds, the social push channel implies that the gains from innovation are unequally distributed across customer groups, which we quantify in a growth model.
{"title":"Social Push and the Direction of Innovation","authors":"Elias Einiö, Josh Feng, Xavier Jaravel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3383703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3383703","url":null,"abstract":"Innovators' personal experience and social networks may affect their familiarity with customer needs, and in turn the types of products they bring to market. Consistent with this channel, we document that innovators create products that are more likely to be purchased by customers similar to them along observable dimensions including gender, age, and socio-economic status. With scanner data and a new phone applications database, we find that these homophily patterns hold even within detailed industries. Using quasi-random assignment of individuals to dorms during military service, we provide causal evidence that being exposed to peers from a lower income group increases an entrepreneur's propensity to create necessity products. The finding is similar with an alternative research design leveraging idiosyncratic within-school variation in peer composition across classes and cohorts. Because innovators are predominantly men from privileged backgrounds, the social push channel implies that the gains from innovation are unequally distributed across customer groups, which we quantify in a growth model.","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122087605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Araar, Y. Awel, J. Boka, H. Girma, A. Shafi, Eleni Yitbarek, M. Zerihun
The attitudes toward risk of women and men entrepreneurs in micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) are analyzed, and the factors that influence attitude toward risk of MSE owners are investigated. The empirical analysis first uses the moment-based approach proposed by Antle (1987) to estimate the risk preferences of men and women entrepreneurs. Second, a regression model is employed to understand the correlates of attitude toward risk and to decompose gender differences in risk aversion using the Oaxaca-Blinder technique. The results clearly indicate that MSE entrepreneurs are risk-averse with a relative risk premium of 1.5%. Women entrepreneurs are slightly more risk-averse than are men entrepreneurs. Regression estimates show that entrepreneurs’ attitude toward risk is significantly correlated with age and experience, marital status, education level, financial literacy, wealth, sector, and business type. The gender difference in risk aversion is significantly explained by the predictor variables while the unexplained component is insignificant. This suggests that gender differences in risk preference are the result of disparities in socioeconomic factors rather than of biology.
{"title":"Entrepreneurs’ Attitudes Toward Risk in Micro and Small Enterprises: Evidence from Urban Ethiopia","authors":"A. Araar, Y. Awel, J. Boka, H. Girma, A. Shafi, Eleni Yitbarek, M. Zerihun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3344632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3344632","url":null,"abstract":"The attitudes toward risk of women and men entrepreneurs in micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) are analyzed, and the factors that influence attitude toward risk of MSE owners are investigated. The empirical analysis first uses the moment-based approach proposed by Antle (1987) to estimate the risk preferences of men and women entrepreneurs. Second, a regression model is employed to understand the correlates of attitude toward risk and to decompose gender differences in risk aversion using the Oaxaca-Blinder technique. The results clearly indicate that MSE entrepreneurs are risk-averse with a relative risk premium of 1.5%. Women entrepreneurs are slightly more risk-averse than are men entrepreneurs. Regression estimates show that entrepreneurs’ attitude toward risk is significantly correlated with age and experience, marital status, education level, financial literacy, wealth, sector, and business type. The gender difference in risk aversion is significantly explained by the predictor variables while the unexplained component is insignificant. This suggests that gender differences in risk preference are the result of disparities in socioeconomic factors rather than of biology.","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121474735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bangladesh is a densely populated country which is also belongs to the least developed countries. About half of the populations of this country are female. There was a time while these large numbers of women were engaged only with homemaking or reproduction and earing of children. Women in significant number are now seeking employment outside the bounds of their homes in nearly all fields. Some of the women are coming to entrepreneurship. From the very beginning they have been facing different problems to access to institutional credit facilities. This is because of the lack of capacity of the women entrepreneurs in the one hand and lack of confidence to the women entrepreneurs by the financial institutions on the other hand. Different wings of the government, Bangladesh Bank, SME Foundation, Financial Institutions, NGOs, trade bodies and public-private partners are striving to eliminate these problems. Now a days credit worthiness of the women entrepreneurs are increasing as a result of the government initiatives, role of SME Foundation, activities of the different trade bodies, products/services offering by the Financial Institutions especially by the commercial banks, and more importantly change in the mind set of society in favor of the actual and potential women entrepreneurs.
{"title":"Credit Worthiness of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Rahman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1424275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1424275","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh is a densely populated country which is also belongs to the least developed countries. About half of the populations of this country are female. There was a time while these large numbers of women were engaged only with homemaking or reproduction and earing of children. Women in significant number are now seeking employment outside the bounds of their homes in nearly all fields. Some of the women are coming to entrepreneurship. From the very beginning they have been facing different problems to access to institutional credit facilities. This is because of the lack of capacity of the women entrepreneurs in the one hand and lack of confidence to the women entrepreneurs by the financial institutions on the other hand. Different wings of the government, Bangladesh Bank, SME Foundation, Financial Institutions, NGOs, trade bodies and public-private partners are striving to eliminate these problems. Now a days credit worthiness of the women entrepreneurs are increasing as a result of the government initiatives, role of SME Foundation, activities of the different trade bodies, products/services offering by the Financial Institutions especially by the commercial banks, and more importantly change in the mind set of society in favor of the actual and potential women entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":245994,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women-Owned Enterprises","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128254152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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