Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77222
Z. Dan, F. Qin, I. Muto, N. Hara, HuiChang
Au-group (Ag, Au) and Pt-group (Ni, Pd, Pt) metals have lower surface diffusion coeffi - cients than Cu and are defined as LSD. The chemical composition has been designed based on the differences in diffusion coefficients, and the micro-alloying of 1 at % LSD met - als with the Ti 60 Cu 40 amorphous precursor alloy results in the formation of bi-continuous nanoporous copper (NPC) with finer nanoporous structure. LSD-stabilized NPCs have the smallest characteristic pore sizes of 7 nm and 6 nm after dealloying amorphous Ti 60 Cu 39 Pd 1 and Ti 60 Cu 39 Pt 1 precursor alloys, while NPC had a pore size of 39 nm after dealloying the amorphous Ti 60 Cu 40 alloy. The refining factor increases approximately from 3.7 for Ti 60 Cu 39 Ag 1 to 1780 for Ti 60 Cu 39 Pt 1 precursors due to the dramatic decrease in the surface diffusivity during both preferential dissolution and rearrangement of Cu adatoms. The elaboration efficiencies of Ti 60 Cu 40 alloy with addition of 1 at.% Pt-group elements are higher than those of Au-group elements. The homogeneous distribution of LSD elements in both the precursors and final stabilized NPCs played a key role in restriction of the long-distance diffusion of Cu adatoms. LSD-stabilized NPCs are able to have an ultrafine nanoporosity with a pore size almost one order smaller than that from LSD-free alloys. alloys heterogeneous in microstructure
Au族(Ag, Au)和Pt族(Ni, Pd, Pt)金属的表面扩散系数比Cu低，被定义为LSD。根据扩散系数的差异设计了化学成分，并将1 at % LSD与Ti 60 Cu 40非晶前驱体合金微合金化，形成了具有更细纳米孔结构的双连续纳米孔铜(NPC)。非晶态Ti 60 Cu 39 Pd 1和Ti 60 Cu 39 Pt 1前驱体合金脱溶后，lsd稳定的NPC的特征孔径最小，分别为7 nm和6 nm;非晶态Ti 60 Cu 40合金脱溶后，NPC的特征孔径最小，为39 nm。Ti 60 Cu 39 Ag 1前驱体的精炼因子从3.7增加到1780，这是由于Cu原子优先溶解和重排过程中表面扩散系数的急剧下降。添加1 at时，Ti - 60cu - 40合金的细化效率。铂族元素比金族元素含量高。LSD元素在前驱体和最终稳定npc中的均匀分布是限制Cu原子远距离扩散的关键因素。lsd稳定的NPCs能够具有超细的纳米孔隙，其孔径几乎比无lsd合金小一个数量级。显微组织不均匀的合金
{"title":"Elaboration of Nanoporous Copper via Chemical Composition Design of Amorphous Precursor Alloys","authors":"Z. Dan, F. Qin, I. Muto, N. Hara, HuiChang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77222","url":null,"abstract":"Au-group (Ag, Au) and Pt-group (Ni, Pd, Pt) metals have lower surface diffusion coeffi - cients than Cu and are defined as LSD. The chemical composition has been designed based on the differences in diffusion coefficients, and the micro-alloying of 1 at % LSD met - als with the Ti 60 Cu 40 amorphous precursor alloy results in the formation of bi-continuous nanoporous copper (NPC) with finer nanoporous structure. LSD-stabilized NPCs have the smallest characteristic pore sizes of 7 nm and 6 nm after dealloying amorphous Ti 60 Cu 39 Pd 1 and Ti 60 Cu 39 Pt 1 precursor alloys, while NPC had a pore size of 39 nm after dealloying the amorphous Ti 60 Cu 40 alloy. The refining factor increases approximately from 3.7 for Ti 60 Cu 39 Ag 1 to 1780 for Ti 60 Cu 39 Pt 1 precursors due to the dramatic decrease in the surface diffusivity during both preferential dissolution and rearrangement of Cu adatoms. The elaboration efficiencies of Ti 60 Cu 40 alloy with addition of 1 at.% Pt-group elements are higher than those of Au-group elements. The homogeneous distribution of LSD elements in both the precursors and final stabilized NPCs played a key role in restriction of the long-distance diffusion of Cu adatoms. LSD-stabilized NPCs are able to have an ultrafine nanoporosity with a pore size almost one order smaller than that from LSD-free alloys. alloys heterogeneous in microstructure","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122954469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78937
C. Quinteros, A. Hardtdegen, M. Barella, Federico Golmar, Félix Palumbo, J. Curiale, S. Hoffmann‐Eifert, Pablo Levy
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a standard technique employed to grow thin-film oxides for a variety of applications. We describe the technique and demonstrate its use for obtaining memristive devices. The metal/insulator/metal stack is fabricated by means of ALD-grown HfO2, deposited on top of a highly doped Si substrate with an SiO2 film and a Ti electrode. Enhanced device capabilities (forming free, self-limiting current, non-crossing hysteretic current-voltage features) are presented and discussed. Careful analysis of the stack structure by means of X-ray reflectometry, atomic force microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed a modification of the device stack from the intended sequence, HfO2/Ti/SiO2/Si. Analytical studies unravel an oxidation of the Ti layer which is addressed for the use of the ozone precursor in the HfO2 ALD process. A new deposition process and the model deduced from impedance measurements support our hypothesis: the role played by ozone on the previously deposited Ti layer is found to determine the overall features of the device. Besides, these ALD-tailored multifunctional devices exhibit rectification capability and long enough retention time to deserve their use as memory cells in a crossbar architecture and multibit approach, envisaging other potential applications.
{"title":"The Atomic Layer Deposition Technique for the Fabrication of Memristive Devices: Impact of the Precursor on Pre-deposited Stack Materials","authors":"C. Quinteros, A. Hardtdegen, M. Barella, Federico Golmar, Félix Palumbo, J. Curiale, S. Hoffmann‐Eifert, Pablo Levy","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78937","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a standard technique employed to grow thin-film oxides for a variety of applications. We describe the technique and demonstrate its use for obtaining memristive devices. The metal/insulator/metal stack is fabricated by means of ALD-grown HfO2, deposited on top of a highly doped Si substrate with an SiO2 film and a Ti electrode. Enhanced device capabilities (forming free, self-limiting current, non-crossing hysteretic current-voltage features) are presented and discussed. Careful analysis of the stack structure by means of X-ray reflectometry, atomic force microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed a modification of the device stack from the intended sequence, HfO2/Ti/SiO2/Si. Analytical studies unravel an oxidation of the Ti layer which is addressed for the use of the ozone precursor in the HfO2 ALD process. A new deposition process and the model deduced from impedance measurements support our hypothesis: the role played by ozone on the previously deposited Ti layer is found to determine the overall features of the device. Besides, these ALD-tailored multifunctional devices exhibit rectification capability and long enough retention time to deserve their use as memory cells in a crossbar architecture and multibit approach, envisaging other potential applications.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123676855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77368
M. Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero, A. Marrugo
Chill block melt spinning is used in industrial processes for the production of metallic glasses. It is a rapid solidification process whereby a liquid metal is ejected at high pressure and temperature via a nozzle onto a rotating wheel solidifying in the form of a ribbon. In this work, starting from an alloy with the composition of Fe 78 Si 9 B 13 (% at.) reproduces the melt spinning technique to get the amorphous magnetic material. A CFD3D model based on the finite volume method ( FVM ) is proposed. For this purpose, the OpenFoam® open source code is used. In the ribbon production stage, it has been observed that the turbulence involved in the first reported transient lasts a few millisec-onds, enough time to study the process with high-speed cameras. We measure the ejection speed by using optical flow on the melt contour. This enables us to check defects in the ribbons, which are predicted with the computational model, such as the case of cracks caused by irregularities in the first formation of the solid layer. The temperature measurement method relies on the fact that the digital camera is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 1000 nm in wavelength and the fact that the image gray level, which is proportional to the temperature T , provided the background illumination level is negligible.
{"title":"Magnetic Materials by Melt Spinning Method, Structural Characterization, and Numerical Modeling","authors":"M. Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero, A. Marrugo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77368","url":null,"abstract":"Chill block melt spinning is used in industrial processes for the production of metallic glasses. It is a rapid solidification process whereby a liquid metal is ejected at high pressure and temperature via a nozzle onto a rotating wheel solidifying in the form of a ribbon. In this work, starting from an alloy with the composition of Fe 78 Si 9 B 13 (% at.) reproduces the melt spinning technique to get the amorphous magnetic material. A CFD3D model based on the finite volume method ( FVM ) is proposed. For this purpose, the OpenFoam® open source code is used. In the ribbon production stage, it has been observed that the turbulence involved in the first reported transient lasts a few millisec-onds, enough time to study the process with high-speed cameras. We measure the ejection speed by using optical flow on the melt contour. This enables us to check defects in the ribbons, which are predicted with the computational model, such as the case of cracks caused by irregularities in the first formation of the solid layer. The temperature measurement method relies on the fact that the digital camera is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 1000 nm in wavelength and the fact that the image gray level, which is proportional to the temperature T , provided the background illumination level is negligible.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126575915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79063
Diana Ibrahim, A. Ghanem
For decades, the race for the shortest chromatogram with the best resolution and separation efficiency has been the focus of researchers and manufacturers. Considerable advancement has been attained in the field of separation science with the widespread applications and outstanding performance of nanomaterials. According to the van Deemter equation, sub-2 micron particles employed in a conventional HPLC short column should subsequently result in analysis time reduction and efficiency improvements without the drawbacks of high pressure associated with sub-2 micron particles. This chapter provides comprehensive discussion about the applications of the new sub 2 microns silica particles in chiral separation of racemates.
{"title":"Sub-2 μm Silica Particles in Chiral Separation","authors":"Diana Ibrahim, A. Ghanem","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79063","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, the race for the shortest chromatogram with the best resolution and separation efficiency has been the focus of researchers and manufacturers. Considerable advancement has been attained in the field of separation science with the widespread applications and outstanding performance of nanomaterials. According to the van Deemter equation, sub-2 micron particles employed in a conventional HPLC short column should subsequently result in analysis time reduction and efficiency improvements without the drawbacks of high pressure associated with sub-2 micron particles. This chapter provides comprehensive discussion about the applications of the new sub 2 microns silica particles in chiral separation of racemates.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116999839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79135
R. Ion, R. Grigorescu, L. Iancu, PaulGhioca, N. Radu
The complex methods of diagnosis investigation of the wood artifacts state and proper materials for their protection against decay are very important goals in cultural heritage. This chapter focuses on the recent trends in microand nanostructured polymer systems for application in cultural heritage and on wood preservation, especially. The synthesis, properties, and applications, as well as the relevant analysis techniques to reveal the structures and properties of polymer systems, are discussed, too. To overcome the specific problems that exist for wood artifacts, some aspects should be treated: effects of the environmental factors, as moisture and pollutant absorption into the wood fibers, over-exposure effect of sun or artificial light sources, biological attack of different microorganisms, and the effects of the protective and decorative coatings.
{"title":"Polymeric Micro- and Nanosystems for Wood Artifacts Preservation","authors":"R. Ion, R. Grigorescu, L. Iancu, PaulGhioca, N. Radu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79135","url":null,"abstract":"The complex methods of diagnosis investigation of the wood artifacts state and proper materials for their protection against decay are very important goals in cultural heritage. This chapter focuses on the recent trends in microand nanostructured polymer systems for application in cultural heritage and on wood preservation, especially. The synthesis, properties, and applications, as well as the relevant analysis techniques to reveal the structures and properties of polymer systems, are discussed, too. To overcome the specific problems that exist for wood artifacts, some aspects should be treated: effects of the environmental factors, as moisture and pollutant absorption into the wood fibers, over-exposure effect of sun or artificial light sources, biological attack of different microorganisms, and the effects of the protective and decorative coatings.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123034001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79995
Małgorzata Krystek, M. Górski
Development of structural engineering, daring structures with record spans or heights, meets two serious obstacles—the limitations of traditionally used materials and the need of continuous monitoring of new structures subjected to complex loads, including those of dynamic nature. Considering the responsibility for the life of people and the budget of new structures, the need of constant monitoring is inevitable. This is why structural engineers seek for new solutions; among them, smart structures based on self-monitoring materials seem to be one of the most attractive proposals. It is still an unexplored area, but current research shows a high potential of the use of composites reinforced by carbon-based nanomaterials as self-sensing structural materials. Nanomaterials also influence other important features of structural materials, such as microstructure, mechanical, and transport-related properties. In this chapter, we present the state of art of the use of nanomaterials in structural engineering in various areas including mechanical and electrical properties as well as issues referring to durability.
{"title":"Nanomaterials in Structural Engineering","authors":"Małgorzata Krystek, M. Górski","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79995","url":null,"abstract":"Development of structural engineering, daring structures with record spans or heights, meets two serious obstacles—the limitations of traditionally used materials and the need of continuous monitoring of new structures subjected to complex loads, including those of dynamic nature. Considering the responsibility for the life of people and the budget of new structures, the need of constant monitoring is inevitable. This is why structural engineers seek for new solutions; among them, smart structures based on self-monitoring materials seem to be one of the most attractive proposals. It is still an unexplored area, but current research shows a high potential of the use of composites reinforced by carbon-based nanomaterials as self-sensing structural materials. Nanomaterials also influence other important features of structural materials, such as microstructure, mechanical, and transport-related properties. In this chapter, we present the state of art of the use of nanomaterials in structural engineering in various areas including mechanical and electrical properties as well as issues referring to durability.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133178963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79079
C. Doroftei, L. Leontie
Nanostructured oxide semiconductor compounds have gained a big importance, in basic and mostly in applicative researches, due to their unique properties, and their increased potential of utilization as sensors in various electronic and optoelectronic devices. The development of devices based on semiconductor materials as gas sensors has been visible during the recent years, due to their low manufacturing cost. Because the basic materials and the manufacturing processes are critical for gas sensors high performance, they need to be studied and capitalized in practice. Among the new technologies, the production of nanocrystalline materials and hybrid structures offer huge opportunities to improve sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as a consequence of the intensification of gas-sensor interaction. In this study, a series of nanostructured oxide semiconductor compounds with a spinel-type structure and perovskite, respectively, based on transition metals and syn- thesized by the sol-gel self-combustion method, with possible applications for resistive gas sensors, are presented.
{"title":"Nanostructured Oxide Semiconductor Compounds with Possible Applications for Gas Sensors","authors":"C. Doroftei, L. Leontie","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79079","url":null,"abstract":"Nanostructured oxide semiconductor compounds have gained a big importance, in basic and mostly in applicative researches, due to their unique properties, and their increased potential of utilization as sensors in various electronic and optoelectronic devices. The development of devices based on semiconductor materials as gas sensors has been visible during the recent years, due to their low manufacturing cost. Because the basic materials and the manufacturing processes are critical for gas sensors high performance, they need to be studied and capitalized in practice. Among the new technologies, the production of nanocrystalline materials and hybrid structures offer huge opportunities to improve sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as a consequence of the intensification of gas-sensor interaction. In this study, a series of nanostructured oxide semiconductor compounds with a spinel-type structure and perovskite, respectively, based on transition metals and syn- thesized by the sol-gel self-combustion method, with possible applications for resistive gas sensors, are presented.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124495336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80273
M. Okonogi, T. Hara, H. Miura
Precipitation-hardening behavior of various medium carbon bainitic steels with added elements of Nb, Ti and V was systematically investigated. Complex nanocarbides composed of Nb, Ti and V precipitated after aging in the steel with multiple additions of all the elements, whereas those with added individual elements were simple MC types. The amount of precipitation hardening ( Δ Hv) after aging at 873 K of the former steel was approximately 90 Δ Hv, while those of the latter were less than 40 Δ Hv at best. Therefore, significant precipitation hardening took place by multiple element addition. The different amount of precipitation hardening depending on added elements was reasonably understood by considering misfit parameters between carbides and ferrite matrix.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Significant Precipitation Hardening in a Medium Carbon Bainitic Steel by Complex Nanocarbides Composed of Nb, Ti and V","authors":"M. Okonogi, T. Hara, H. Miura","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80273","url":null,"abstract":"Precipitation-hardening behavior of various medium carbon bainitic steels with added elements of Nb, Ti and V was systematically investigated. Complex nanocarbides composed of Nb, Ti and V precipitated after aging in the steel with multiple additions of all the elements, whereas those with added individual elements were simple MC types. The amount of precipitation hardening ( Δ Hv) after aging at 873 K of the former steel was approximately 90 Δ Hv, while those of the latter were less than 40 Δ Hv at best. Therefore, significant precipitation hardening took place by multiple element addition. The different amount of precipitation hardening depending on added elements was reasonably understood by considering misfit parameters between carbides and ferrite matrix.","PeriodicalId":246449,"journal":{"name":"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130545594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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