This paper addresses a puzzle: why do many of Brazil's energy consumers driving "flexible fuel" gasoline-ethanol vehicles forgo energy savings at the pump, choosing the fuel that yields the lower mileage per dollar of spending, in some cases by a substantial margin? In a large-scale set of randomized experiments with 10,400 consumers at the pump -- the first of its kind -- I raise the salience of the price difference across both fuels, just as the consumer pulls up. The largest treatment effect I obtain is to shift one-tenth of consumers, who absent the intervention would have chosen expensive gasoline, to instead choose very favorably priced ethanol. While statistically significant, this shift is small compared with the higher likelihood that the favorably priced fuel is chosen among college-educated subjects relative to their less schooled counterparts. I estimate the increase in consumer welfare from mandating higher price salience at the pump to be equivalent to a 1 to 3% (general) reduction in fuel prices, depending on the relative price point.
{"title":"Flexible Fuel Vehicles, Less Flexible Minded Consumers: Price Information Experiments at the Pump","authors":"A. Salvo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2680212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2680212","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses a puzzle: why do many of Brazil's energy consumers driving \"flexible fuel\" gasoline-ethanol vehicles forgo energy savings at the pump, choosing the fuel that yields the lower mileage per dollar of spending, in some cases by a substantial margin? In a large-scale set of randomized experiments with 10,400 consumers at the pump -- the first of its kind -- I raise the salience of the price difference across both fuels, just as the consumer pulls up. The largest treatment effect I obtain is to shift one-tenth of consumers, who absent the intervention would have chosen expensive gasoline, to instead choose very favorably priced ethanol. While statistically significant, this shift is small compared with the higher likelihood that the favorably priced fuel is chosen among college-educated subjects relative to their less schooled counterparts. I estimate the increase in consumer welfare from mandating higher price salience at the pump to be equivalent to a 1 to 3% (general) reduction in fuel prices, depending on the relative price point.","PeriodicalId":249216,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Passenger Transport (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133694705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the usage of bicycles increases, cities are transforming their planning processes to incorporate this sustainable mode of transportation. In spite of bicycling’s importance to communities, there is a gender gap. Data indicates that only a small number of cyclists are women. This paper addresses that gender gap with an eye toward the marketing strategy known as transportation demand management (TDM). TDM provides lessons for communities looking to encourage greater levels of bicycle riding. To do this we review the literature on best practices in marketing to women, and evaluate different bicycle marketing guides. We find, after an analysis to pinpoint best practices, that only 15% of the marketing guides are targeted to women. The lessons learned from our study provide information for the design of future bicycle guides that will appeal to women consumers.
{"title":"Bicycling and Gender: Targeting Guides to Women","authors":"W. Riggs, Megyn B. Rugh, K. Cheung, Jana Schwartz","doi":"10.1123/WSPAJ.2015-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/WSPAJ.2015-0020","url":null,"abstract":"As the usage of bicycles increases, cities are transforming their planning processes to incorporate this sustainable mode of transportation. In spite of bicycling’s importance to communities, there is a gender gap. Data indicates that only a small number of cyclists are women. This paper addresses that gender gap with an eye toward the marketing strategy known as transportation demand management (TDM). TDM provides lessons for communities looking to encourage greater levels of bicycle riding. To do this we review the literature on best practices in marketing to women, and evaluate different bicycle marketing guides. We find, after an analysis to pinpoint best practices, that only 15% of the marketing guides are targeted to women. The lessons learned from our study provide information for the design of future bicycle guides that will appeal to women consumers.","PeriodicalId":249216,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Passenger Transport (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124859714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study attempts to analyse congestion problem with emphasis on having a policy incorporating realistic solution for having affordable, accessible, reliable and acceptable mobility. It has been found that in Indian urban scenario, modal transport system must be capable of having flexible high carrying capacity with low space requirement. The other aspect is to have attractive public transit system which may lure people away from private transport to public transit system because traffic problem is going to only rise with population growth and development. This will put more pressure on road infrastructure which has substantial costs. A possible solution could be introduction of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on a large scale. Finally, an illustration of Bangalore city has been made to examine the benefits of LRT.
{"title":"Smart Urban Mobility: Road Less Travelled","authors":"Tarun Mittal, Charan Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2611857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2611857","url":null,"abstract":"The study attempts to analyse congestion problem with emphasis on having a policy incorporating realistic solution for having affordable, accessible, reliable and acceptable mobility. It has been found that in Indian urban scenario, modal transport system must be capable of having flexible high carrying capacity with low space requirement. The other aspect is to have attractive public transit system which may lure people away from private transport to public transit system because traffic problem is going to only rise with population growth and development. This will put more pressure on road infrastructure which has substantial costs. A possible solution could be introduction of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on a large scale. Finally, an illustration of Bangalore city has been made to examine the benefits of LRT.","PeriodicalId":249216,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Passenger Transport (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116740417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide estimates of the rebound effect for car transport in Denmark, using a rich data set with individual household data on car use, fuel efficiency, and car as well as household characteristics. A demand model is estimated in first differences; the availability of households in the sample that replaced their car during the period of observation combined with information on their driving behaviour before and after the car switch allows us to identify the rebound effect. Endogeneity is taken into account by using appropriate instruments. Results include the following. First, we reject the 'conventional' formulation in which only fuel cost per kilometre matters. Second, the selection equation confirms that higher fuel prices induce households to switch car. Third, the results suggest the presence of a rebound effect that is on the lower end of the estimates available in the literature. Specifically, our best estimate of the rebound effect is some 7.5%-10%. Fourth, the fuel price sensitivity of the demand for kilometres appears to be declining with household income, but we do not find a significant impact of income on the rebound effect. Finally, simulation results indicate that the small rebound effect and changes in car characteristics in response to higher fuel prices imply that -- compared to the reference scenario -- higher fuel prices lead to a substantial reduction in both the demand for kilometres and in demand for fuel.
{"title":"Measuring the Rebound Effect with Micro Data","authors":"B. de Borger, I. Mulalic, J. Rouwendal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2583822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2583822","url":null,"abstract":"We provide estimates of the rebound effect for car transport in Denmark, using a rich data set with individual household data on car use, fuel efficiency, and car as well as household characteristics. A demand model is estimated in first differences; the availability of households in the sample that replaced their car during the period of observation combined with information on their driving behaviour before and after the car switch allows us to identify the rebound effect. Endogeneity is taken into account by using appropriate instruments. Results include the following. First, we reject the 'conventional' formulation in which only fuel cost per kilometre matters. Second, the selection equation confirms that higher fuel prices induce households to switch car. Third, the results suggest the presence of a rebound effect that is on the lower end of the estimates available in the literature. Specifically, our best estimate of the rebound effect is some 7.5%-10%. Fourth, the fuel price sensitivity of the demand for kilometres appears to be declining with household income, but we do not find a significant impact of income on the rebound effect. Finally, simulation results indicate that the small rebound effect and changes in car characteristics in response to higher fuel prices imply that -- compared to the reference scenario -- higher fuel prices lead to a substantial reduction in both the demand for kilometres and in demand for fuel.","PeriodicalId":249216,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Passenger Transport (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127767521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco J. Bahamonde-Birke, U. Kunert, H. Link, J. Ortúzar
In January 2013 the interurban passenger transport market in Germany was liberalized and several coach carriers emerged offering an alternative to the Deutsche Bahn, a state owned rail monopoly. The coach carriers have attempted to position themselves not just through lower prices but also through product differentiation, for example marketing their services as the most ecological way to travel. Hence, it is important to consider attitudes and perceptions when analyzing this market. One year after liberalization we conducted a stated-choice experiment among students and employees at the Technical University of Berlin, where participants had to choose between different interurban public transport alternatives (regional and intercity trains or interurban coaches). Additionally, the experiment gathered perception and attitudinal indicators used to construct latent variables. Our results show that attitudes and perceptions indeed affect the way individuals choose between different transport modes and, therefore, they must be taken into account when analyzing the interurban passenger market in Germany.
2013年1月，德国城市间客运市场自由化，几家长途客车公司出现，为国有铁路垄断企业德国联邦铁路(Deutsche Bahn)提供了另一种选择。长途客车航空公司不仅试图通过更低的价格，还试图通过产品差异化来定位自己，例如将他们的服务营销为最生态的旅行方式。因此，在分析这个市场时，考虑态度和看法是很重要的。自由化一年后，我们在柏林技术大学(Technical University of Berlin)的学生和员工中进行了一项状态选择实验，参与者必须在不同的城际公共交通选择(区域和城际列车或城际客车)之间做出选择。此外，实验还收集了知觉和态度指标，用于构建潜在变量。我们的研究结果表明，态度和观念确实会影响个人在不同交通方式之间的选择，因此，在分析德国城市间客运市场时，必须考虑到这些因素。
{"title":"Liberalization of the Interurban Coach Market in Germany: Do Attitudes and Perceptions Drive the Choice between Rail and Coach?","authors":"Francisco J. Bahamonde-Birke, U. Kunert, H. Link, J. Ortúzar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2506615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2506615","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2013 the interurban passenger transport market in Germany was liberalized and several coach carriers emerged offering an alternative to the Deutsche Bahn, a state owned rail monopoly. The coach carriers have attempted to position themselves not just through lower prices but also through product differentiation, for example marketing their services as the most ecological way to travel. Hence, it is important to consider attitudes and perceptions when analyzing this market. One year after liberalization we conducted a stated-choice experiment among students and employees at the Technical University of Berlin, where participants had to choose between different interurban public transport alternatives (regional and intercity trains or interurban coaches). Additionally, the experiment gathered perception and attitudinal indicators used to construct latent variables. Our results show that attitudes and perceptions indeed affect the way individuals choose between different transport modes and, therefore, they must be taken into account when analyzing the interurban passenger market in Germany.","PeriodicalId":249216,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Passenger Transport (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115870870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：