Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79473
M. Avila-Costa, A. Gutiérrez-Valdez, V. Anaya-Martínez, J. Ordóñez-Librado, Javier Sánchez-Betancourt, E. Montiel-Flores, Patricia Aley-Medina, Leonardo Reynoso-Erazo, J. Espinosa-Villanueva, Rocío Tron-Alvarez, V. Rodríguez-Lara
Parkinson’s disease (PD) experimental models are crucial in the assessment of possible therapies. Nevertheless, even though PD was one of the first neurodegenerative conditions to be modeled, there are limitations such as spontaneous recovery; lack of bilateral damage, which is a PD characteristic; animal intensive care after neurotoxin administration; and ultrastructural and biochemical nonspecific alterations but mostly the neurodegenerative time course observed in humans. In this chapter, we investigated the effects of divalent and trivalent manganese inhalation on rats and mice to obtain a novel PD animal model inducing bilateral and progressive dopaminergic cell death. We found that after 5 or 6 months of inhalation, there was more than 70% decrease in the number of TH-immunopositive neurons, and these alterations are correlated with an evident motor performance deficits manifested as akinesia, postural instability, and action tremor. More interesting is the fact that these alterations were reverted with l-DOPA treatment, implying that the motor alterations are associated with nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation, postulating new light for the understanding of manganese neurotoxicity as an appropriate PD experimental model. Our results are contributing to the development of a suitable PD animal model, reproducible, sensitive, time-efficient, and readily applicable behavioral tests.
{"title":"Manganese Inhalation Induces Dopaminergic Cell Loss: Relevance to Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"M. Avila-Costa, A. Gutiérrez-Valdez, V. Anaya-Martínez, J. Ordóñez-Librado, Javier Sánchez-Betancourt, E. Montiel-Flores, Patricia Aley-Medina, Leonardo Reynoso-Erazo, J. Espinosa-Villanueva, Rocío Tron-Alvarez, V. Rodríguez-Lara","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79473","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) experimental models are crucial in the assessment of possible therapies. Nevertheless, even though PD was one of the first neurodegenerative conditions to be modeled, there are limitations such as spontaneous recovery; lack of bilateral damage, which is a PD characteristic; animal intensive care after neurotoxin administration; and ultrastructural and biochemical nonspecific alterations but mostly the neurodegenerative time course observed in humans. In this chapter, we investigated the effects of divalent and trivalent manganese inhalation on rats and mice to obtain a novel PD animal model inducing bilateral and progressive dopaminergic cell death. We found that after 5 or 6 months of inhalation, there was more than 70% decrease in the number of TH-immunopositive neurons, and these alterations are correlated with an evident motor performance deficits manifested as akinesia, postural instability, and action tremor. More interesting is the fact that these alterations were reverted with l-DOPA treatment, implying that the motor alterations are associated with nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation, postulating new light for the understanding of manganese neurotoxicity as an appropriate PD experimental model. Our results are contributing to the development of a suitable PD animal model, reproducible, sensitive, time-efficient, and readily applicable behavioral tests.","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124908860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80400
Katarzyna Wize, W. Kozubski, J. Dorszewska
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is divided into early-onset (EOPD) occurring at the age of fewer than 45 years of age and late-onset PD (LOPD) above 45 years of age. EOPD accounts for 5– 10% of all the cases with PD. It is thought that occurrence in this age is connected with genetic factors, mutations in e.g. PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1 and changes in proteins it is encoded. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system leads to decreased dopamine (DA) concentrations. Pathogenic PD proteins may affect the DA level. The lower level of DA may be responsible for movement-related symptoms. EOPDs have a slower progression of the disease and a longer disorder duration but tend to develop dyskinesias and motor fluctuations earlier than LOPD. Currently, the diagnosis of PD is based on clinical criteria, supported neuroimaging like MRI or PET. Understanding the pathogenesis of the EOPD may be contributing to improving diagnostics and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.
{"title":"Dopamine and Early Onset Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Katarzyna Wize, W. Kozubski, J. Dorszewska","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80400","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) is divided into early-onset (EOPD) occurring at the age of fewer than 45 years of age and late-onset PD (LOPD) above 45 years of age. EOPD accounts for 5– 10% of all the cases with PD. It is thought that occurrence in this age is connected with genetic factors, mutations in e.g. PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1 and changes in proteins it is encoded. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system leads to decreased dopamine (DA) concentrations. Pathogenic PD proteins may affect the DA level. The lower level of DA may be responsible for movement-related symptoms. EOPDs have a slower progression of the disease and a longer disorder duration but tend to develop dyskinesias and motor fluctuations earlier than LOPD. Currently, the diagnosis of PD is based on clinical criteria, supported neuroimaging like MRI or PET. Understanding the pathogenesis of the EOPD may be contributing to improving diagnostics and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114315273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78569
Katy Satué Ambrojo, J. Poggi, María MarcillaCorzano
Dopamine (DA) is an important endogenous catecholamine that exerts generalized effects on both neuronal (as a neurotransmitter) and non-neuronal tissues (as an autocrine or paracrine agent). In the central nervous system (CNS), DA binds to specific membrane receptors present in neurons and plays a key role in the control of motor activity, learn ing, cognition, affectivity and attention. Horses can also present with hyper- and hypo- dopaminergic conditions, including stereotypic behaviors and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and Parkinsonian’s syndrome, respectively. DA biosynthesis also occurs in peripheral tissues, and receptors in various organs such as the kidney, pancreas, lungs and blood vessels outside the CNS have been detected. DA emulates the actions related to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), promoting the increase in heart rate, blood pressure, electrolyte balance and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In fact, GI alterations in dopaminergic transmission have been directly or indirectly related to hypomotility and/ or postoperative ileus (POI). On the other hand, there are physiological factors, such as breed, age, exercise and reproductive status that modify DA concentrations. In reproduc tion, the administration of DA antagonists in the middle/end of the spring and anestrus transition period advances the first ovulation of the year in mares. This chapter offers a brief description of the importance of DA as a neurotransmitter and peripheral hormone. Special attention is paid to: (1) functional alterations that occur in the brain and GI tract in various diseases and (2) current therapy to correct alterations in DA systems.
{"title":"Physiology and Metabolic Anomalies of Dopamine in Horses: A Review","authors":"Katy Satué Ambrojo, J. Poggi, María MarcillaCorzano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78569","url":null,"abstract":"Dopamine (DA) is an important endogenous catecholamine that exerts generalized effects on both neuronal (as a neurotransmitter) and non-neuronal tissues (as an autocrine or paracrine agent). In the central nervous system (CNS), DA binds to specific membrane receptors present in neurons and plays a key role in the control of motor activity, learn ing, cognition, affectivity and attention. Horses can also present with hyper- and hypo- dopaminergic conditions, including stereotypic behaviors and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and Parkinsonian’s syndrome, respectively. DA biosynthesis also occurs in peripheral tissues, and receptors in various organs such as the kidney, pancreas, lungs and blood vessels outside the CNS have been detected. DA emulates the actions related to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), promoting the increase in heart rate, blood pressure, electrolyte balance and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In fact, GI alterations in dopaminergic transmission have been directly or indirectly related to hypomotility and/ or postoperative ileus (POI). On the other hand, there are physiological factors, such as breed, age, exercise and reproductive status that modify DA concentrations. In reproduc tion, the administration of DA antagonists in the middle/end of the spring and anestrus transition period advances the first ovulation of the year in mares. This chapter offers a brief description of the importance of DA as a neurotransmitter and peripheral hormone. Special attention is paid to: (1) functional alterations that occur in the brain and GI tract in various diseases and (2) current therapy to correct alterations in DA systems.","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129754607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81451
S. C. Yenisetti
Dopamine (DA) (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a member of the catecholamine family (a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol and a side-chain amine) of neurotransmitters in brain and is an antecedent to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). DA is produced in the body (primarily by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) initially by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and further by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase. It is a key transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain and crucial in synchronizing movement. A group of receptors (dopamine receptors) facilitates its function.
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: “Feel Good” Chemical Dopamine - Role in Health and Disease","authors":"S. C. Yenisetti","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81451","url":null,"abstract":"Dopamine (DA) (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a member of the catecholamine family (a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol and a side-chain amine) of neurotransmitters in brain and is an antecedent to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). DA is produced in the body (primarily by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) initially by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and further by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase. It is a key transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain and crucial in synchronizing movement. A group of receptors (dopamine receptors) facilitates its function.","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114897062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79476
Kourkouta Lambrini, O. Petros, Papathanassiou Ioanna, Koukourikos Konstantinos, T. Konstantinos, Iliadis Christos, Monios Alexandros, Tsaloglidou Areti
Introduction: Sleep is an important part of people’s lives and proper sleep is a prerequi- site for good health. Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the importance of sleep in the pro- motion of health, sleep-related patients, and dementia at various stages of the age of the immortal. It also refers to sleeping on Parkinson’s disease and dopamine. Material & methods: An extensive review of the relevant literature was performed via electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Cinahl and Google Scholar) and Greek and international journals. Results: Sleep is described as a special state of consciousness. It is composed of phases and is characterized as relatively unresponsive to the surrounding area. It is a periodic situation. The fall of consciousness during sleep provides time for the body systems to be reconstructed and renewed. Thus, sleep is a corrective mechanism that contributes to the regeneration of the person’s normal and emotional state. It occurs cyclically, usually once a day. Sleep is divided into two types, known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement), and NREM (Non Rapid Eye Movement). Conclusion: Sleep occupies about one third of our total lifetime and is a very important biological function. Its functional significance is related to the resting of brain function and to the proper functioning of memory and learning.
{"title":"Sleep and Health: Role of Dopamine","authors":"Kourkouta Lambrini, O. Petros, Papathanassiou Ioanna, Koukourikos Konstantinos, T. Konstantinos, Iliadis Christos, Monios Alexandros, Tsaloglidou Areti","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79476","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sleep is an important part of people’s lives and proper sleep is a prerequi- site for good health. Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the importance of sleep in the pro- motion of health, sleep-related patients, and dementia at various stages of the age of the immortal. It also refers to sleeping on Parkinson’s disease and dopamine. Material & methods: An extensive review of the relevant literature was performed via electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Cinahl and Google Scholar) and Greek and international journals. Results: Sleep is described as a special state of consciousness. It is composed of phases and is characterized as relatively unresponsive to the surrounding area. It is a periodic situation. The fall of consciousness during sleep provides time for the body systems to be reconstructed and renewed. Thus, sleep is a corrective mechanism that contributes to the regeneration of the person’s normal and emotional state. It occurs cyclically, usually once a day. Sleep is divided into two types, known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement), and NREM (Non Rapid Eye Movement). Conclusion: Sleep occupies about one third of our total lifetime and is a very important biological function. Its functional significance is related to the resting of brain function and to the proper functioning of memory and learning.","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124049597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81036
R. Lakshminarayanan, S. Madhavi, C. Sim
The invention that catecholamines undergo oxidative polymerization under alkaline con- ditions and form adhesive nanocoatings on wide variety of substrates has ushered their potential utility in engineering and biomedical applications. The oxidative polymeriza- tion of catecholamines can be triggered by light, chemical and physical methods, thus representing one of the widely explored surface coating methods. The overall objectives of this chapter are to compile the various methods of accomplishing surface coatings and compare the structural diversity of catecholamines. The progress achieved so far on polydopamine (pDA) coatings on electrospun polymers will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the research efforts on catecholamine coatings for biomedical applica - tions as well as their potential as a high definition coating method. vein endothelial cells on pDA- or gelatin-coated PCL nanofiber mats. The results showed that pDA-coated PCL mats displayed threefold to sevenfold higher cell viability, cell attachment and spreading with well-stretched cytoskeletal components than gelatin-coated PCL nanofi -bers. In the cells grown on pDA-coated mats displayed increased expression of endo thelial cell markers highlighting the healthy status of the cells. to the pDA of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) higher mouse adipose-derived cell (mASC) adhesion, penetration and compared PCL/gelatin nanofiber layer-by-layer of key osteogenic marker proteins calcium utility of electrospun hard tissue performed pDA coating on glutaraldehyde crosslinked electrospun polymers. The pDA-coated PVA was shown to have excellent shape recovery properties and higher cell adhesion, spreading, penetration and PVA scaffolds. nanofibers enhanced mouse myoblast adhesion, increased expression of myosin
{"title":"Oxidative Polymerization of Dopamine: A High-Definition Multifunctional Coatings for Electrospun Nanofibers - An Overview","authors":"R. Lakshminarayanan, S. Madhavi, C. Sim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81036","url":null,"abstract":"The invention that catecholamines undergo oxidative polymerization under alkaline con- ditions and form adhesive nanocoatings on wide variety of substrates has ushered their potential utility in engineering and biomedical applications. The oxidative polymeriza- tion of catecholamines can be triggered by light, chemical and physical methods, thus representing one of the widely explored surface coating methods. The overall objectives of this chapter are to compile the various methods of accomplishing surface coatings and compare the structural diversity of catecholamines. The progress achieved so far on polydopamine (pDA) coatings on electrospun polymers will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the research efforts on catecholamine coatings for biomedical applica - tions as well as their potential as a high definition coating method. vein endothelial cells on pDA- or gelatin-coated PCL nanofiber mats. The results showed that pDA-coated PCL mats displayed threefold to sevenfold higher cell viability, cell attachment and spreading with well-stretched cytoskeletal components than gelatin-coated PCL nanofi -bers. In the cells grown on pDA-coated mats displayed increased expression of endo thelial cell markers highlighting the healthy status of the cells. to the pDA of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) higher mouse adipose-derived cell (mASC) adhesion, penetration and compared PCL/gelatin nanofiber layer-by-layer of key osteogenic marker proteins calcium utility of electrospun hard tissue performed pDA coating on glutaraldehyde crosslinked electrospun polymers. The pDA-coated PVA was shown to have excellent shape recovery properties and higher cell adhesion, spreading, penetration and PVA scaffolds. nanofibers enhanced mouse myoblast adhesion, increased expression of myosin","PeriodicalId":249246,"journal":{"name":"Dopamine - Health and Disease","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114449717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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