Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1017/9781108966375.005
Jens Jäger, L. Ranke, Dominique Francois Jean Arago
The conceptual history of the term “elective affinity” refers to the “force” that causes chemical reactions. A broad definition of chemical affinity is when substances enter into or resist decomposition. Since the late eighteenth century it has become less and less common to use the term “elective affinity” in chemistry. Soon after 1800 the phrase was adapted in literature, and in 1809 Johann Wolfgang Goethe chose the term as a title for one of his classic novels, Wahlverwandschaften (Elective Affinities). He thus used the expression as an organizing metaphor for the conflict between responsibility (culture) and passion (nature). In the novel, not only reason, but society and its norms effectively inhibit the “natural” matchmaking of the protagonists. Thirty years later, another “natural” couple entered the stage: photography and historiography. How would the protagonists perform? Would anyone inhibit this match? When Daguerre and Talbot announced their respective discoveries in 1839, it was taken for granted that photography would become an important means with which to document objects, people and – when technically possible – events. To many contemporary observers the new technology promised to offer exactly what was expected of historiography: truthful documents of people, events and nature. In 1821 the Prussian philosopher and politician Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) wrote the following in his essay, whose English title is “On the Historian’s Task”:
“选择性亲和”一词的概念历史是指引起化学反应的“力”。化学亲和力的广义定义是物质进入分解或抵抗分解。自18世纪后期以来，在化学中越来越少使用“选择性亲和”这个术语。1800年后不久，这个短语被改编为文学作品。1809年，约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德将这个词作为他的一部经典小说《选择性的亲密关系》的标题。因此，他用这个表达作为责任(文化)和激情(自然)之间冲突的组织隐喻。在小说中，不仅是理性，社会及其规范也有效地抑制了主人公的“自然”相亲。三十年后，另一对“自然”情侣进入了舞台:摄影和史学。主角会如何表现?有人会阻止这场比赛吗?当达盖尔和塔尔博特在1839年宣布他们各自的发现时，人们理所当然地认为摄影将成为记录物体、人物和(在技术上可能的情况下)事件的重要手段。对许多同时代的观察家来说，这项新技术承诺提供人们对史学的期望:真实地记录人物、事件和自然。1821年，普鲁士哲学家和政治家威廉·冯·洪堡(Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1767-1835)在他的一篇题为《论历史学家的任务》(On the history’s Task)的文章中写道:
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Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1017/9781108966375.012
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Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1017/9781108966375.008
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