Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0001
M. Leith
‘Meeting Mary’ introduces Mary, the mother of Jesus who has a place in the religious consciousness of the 3.8 billion Christians and Muslims. Muslims and Christians agree that by the power of God a Jewish virgin named Mary miraculously became pregnant and gave birth to Jesus the prophet, miracle-worker, and Messiah. The Virgin Mary is one of the most famous women in history but she has also been subject to misunderstandings, unquestioned presuppositions, and misinformation. The Virgin Mary continues to be a religiously divisive figure. The Marian traditions spans through the sculptures Mary of the Miraculous Medal from 1830 France and Virgin Mother by the contemporary artist Damien Hirst.
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Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0007
M. Leith
‘Modern Mary—Reformation to the present’ looks at the Virgin Mary from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century to the present. During this period Mary was often at the centre of conflicts over religious ideals that contributed to the Enlightenment. The Catholic Council of Trent reaffirmed Mary’s perpetual virginity, intercession, pilgrimage, and relics. Catholic Marian beliefs were shaped by some of the misgivings that Protestants had voiced about Catholic views of Mary. The rosary and apparitions of Mary illustrate Catholic views of Mary after the Council of Trent. The so-called ‘Marian Century’ began in 1854 with Pope Pius IX’s declaration of Mary’s Immaculate Conception effectively ended in 1965 with the church reforms of Vatican II. Marian spirituality in the 21st century have taken often surprising directions.
{"title":"7. Modern Mary—Reformation to the present","authors":"M. Leith","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"‘Modern Mary—Reformation to the present’ looks at the Virgin Mary from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century to the present. During this period Mary was often at the centre of conflicts over religious ideals that contributed to the Enlightenment. The Catholic Council of Trent reaffirmed Mary’s perpetual virginity, intercession, pilgrimage, and relics. Catholic Marian beliefs were shaped by some of the misgivings that Protestants had voiced about Catholic views of Mary. The rosary and apparitions of Mary illustrate Catholic views of Mary after the Council of Trent. The so-called ‘Marian Century’ began in 1854 with Pope Pius IX’s declaration of Mary’s Immaculate Conception effectively ended in 1965 with the church reforms of Vatican II. Marian spirituality in the 21st century have taken often surprising directions.","PeriodicalId":256249,"journal":{"name":"The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114554587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0005
M. Leith
‘Eastern Mary—Byzantium and Islam’ examines Marian ideals in Byzantine Christianity as well as the Islamic view of Maryam, which reflects and rejects the Byzantine worldview from which Islam partly emerged. It was in the east that Christians celebrated the first Marian festivals and dedicated the earliest Marian churches. A Byzantine icon serves to illustrate key ideas about Mary as they developed in the east, where the first Marian relics were also discovered and venerated. Muslims revere Al-ʿAdhraʾ (the Virgin) as a model of piety, following the lead of the Prophet Muhammad, who stated that Maryam was one of the four spiritually perfect women in Paradise. There are a number of famous texts in the Qur’an devoted to Mary, a significant factor in Islam’s high regard for Mary and Jesus.
{"title":"5. Eastern Mary—Byzantium and Islam","authors":"M. Leith","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"‘Eastern Mary—Byzantium and Islam’ examines Marian ideals in Byzantine Christianity as well as the Islamic view of Maryam, which reflects and rejects the Byzantine worldview from which Islam partly emerged. It was in the east that Christians celebrated the first Marian festivals and dedicated the earliest Marian churches. A Byzantine icon serves to illustrate key ideas about Mary as they developed in the east, where the first Marian relics were also discovered and venerated. Muslims revere Al-ʿAdhraʾ (the Virgin) as a model of piety, following the lead of the Prophet Muhammad, who stated that Maryam was one of the four spiritually perfect women in Paradise. There are a number of famous texts in the Qur’an devoted to Mary, a significant factor in Islam’s high regard for Mary and Jesus.","PeriodicalId":256249,"journal":{"name":"The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134015310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0002
M. Leith
‘Mary in the New Testament, history, and earliest Christianity’ discusses the Virgin Mary and her role in Christianity as it is first described in the New Testament Gospels. There are two key factors that are important in the development of Marian beliefs: the evolution of Christian doctrine over time and the idea of God’s plan of salvation. Mary can be examined based on relevant archaeological and historical data. There are discontinuities between the scriptural Mary of the New Testament and many Marian beliefs and doctrines that eventually developed within the Church. It is important also to remember the doctrinal disagreements about Mary among Christian denominations that arise from differences in how they approach the Bible.
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Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0004
M. Leith
‘Mary the goddess?’ considers the question of whether the Virgin Mary is a goddess. According to official Christian theology throughout the centuries, Mary is not and cannot be a goddess. Nevertheless, Christian piety has at times followed a separate track from official theology by treating Mary as a goddess. It is worth considering here the oft-noted parallels between the Virgin Mary and Graeco-Roman goddesses, the history of the Black Madonna, and contemporary forms of goddess-centred spirituality.
{"title":"4. Mary the goddess?","authors":"M. Leith","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"‘Mary the goddess?’ considers the question of whether the Virgin Mary is a goddess. According to official Christian theology throughout the centuries, Mary is not and cannot be a goddess. Nevertheless, Christian piety has at times followed a separate track from official theology by treating Mary as a goddess. It is worth considering here the oft-noted parallels between the Virgin Mary and Graeco-Roman goddesses, the history of the Black Madonna, and contemporary forms of goddess-centred spirituality.","PeriodicalId":256249,"journal":{"name":"The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134421677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0006
M. Leith
‘Empress of heaven and hell’ recounts how the Virgin Mary came into her own during Europe’s High Middle Ages. Between 1150 and 1250, over 80 cathedrals and 500 churches were erected in honour of the Virgin Mary. There were a variety of factors that contributed to the explosion of Marian devotion in medieval and Renaissance spirituality. For example, Mary’s intercession with Christ acquired new urgency with a change in expectations about the soul’s fate after death. Related to this was belief in Mary’s Assumption, which is examined in light of theology and art. Mary’s place in medieval anti-Judaism is also worth considering. Historian Henry Adams’s description of medieval Marian energy carried over into the Renaissance, when Jesus’s humanity, based on Mary’s motherhood, became the touchstone for the humanist temper of the age.
{"title":"6. Empress of heaven and hell","authors":"M. Leith","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"‘Empress of heaven and hell’ recounts how the Virgin Mary came into her own during Europe’s High Middle Ages. Between 1150 and 1250, over 80 cathedrals and 500 churches were erected in honour of the Virgin Mary. There were a variety of factors that contributed to the explosion of Marian devotion in medieval and Renaissance spirituality. For example, Mary’s intercession with Christ acquired new urgency with a change in expectations about the soul’s fate after death. Related to this was belief in Mary’s Assumption, which is examined in light of theology and art. Mary’s place in medieval anti-Judaism is also worth considering. Historian Henry Adams’s description of medieval Marian energy carried over into the Renaissance, when Jesus’s humanity, based on Mary’s motherhood, became the touchstone for the humanist temper of the age.","PeriodicalId":256249,"journal":{"name":"The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116958359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0003
M. Leith
‘Mary after the Gospels’ explains how beliefs about the Virgin Mary developed over time. It took centuries for Christians to arrive at Marian doctrines that are part of Christianity today. There was a time when Christianity seemed like a religious free-for-all, with Mary featuring in varied ways. By the middle of the 5th century when body-renouncing ideals of asceticism came to the fore within Christianity, the Virgin Mary’s lasting place in Christian piety was also ensured. However, scholars also acknowledge that a lot remains mysterious about how different communities expressed their devotion to Jesus and how Christians’ ideas about Mary coalesced around key Marian doctrines.
{"title":"3. Mary after the Gospels","authors":"M. Leith","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198794912.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"‘Mary after the Gospels’ explains how beliefs about the Virgin Mary developed over time. It took centuries for Christians to arrive at Marian doctrines that are part of Christianity today. There was a time when Christianity seemed like a religious free-for-all, with Mary featuring in varied ways. By the middle of the 5th century when body-renouncing ideals of asceticism came to the fore within Christianity, the Virgin Mary’s lasting place in Christian piety was also ensured. However, scholars also acknowledge that a lot remains mysterious about how different communities expressed their devotion to Jesus and how Christians’ ideas about Mary coalesced around key Marian doctrines.","PeriodicalId":256249,"journal":{"name":"The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132244339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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