Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80093
A. D'Orazio
We present two methods for sizing the network for the transport of the air, from the air handling unit to the terminal units, for a dual duct system, where air flows in the “ cold ” duct at a temperature less than the ambient temperature, while air flows in the “ hot ” duct at a temperature higher than the ambient temperature. The methods, compared to the traditional design criteria, lead to a reduction of channel size and, therefore, of overall network size and cost as well. The first method requires the “ cold ” channel to transport air at a temperature value slightly lower (1 ÷ 2 (cid:1) C) than the minimum inlet temperature (variable with time) required by the zones. The second requires the “ hot ” channel to transport air at a temperature value slightly higher (1 ÷ 2 (cid:1) C) than the maximum inlet temperature (variable with time) required by the zones. The methods have been applied to some reference networks. The saving of side surface of the networks varies between 14 and 27% with respect to the traditional approach; the constraint on the maximum speed of the air through the ducts is always respected, while this does not always occur with traditional criteria.
{"title":"Air Conditioning Systems with Dual Ducts: Innovative Approaches for the Design of the Transport Network of the Air","authors":"A. D'Orazio","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.80093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80093","url":null,"abstract":"We present two methods for sizing the network for the transport of the air, from the air handling unit to the terminal units, for a dual duct system, where air flows in the “ cold ” duct at a temperature less than the ambient temperature, while air flows in the “ hot ” duct at a temperature higher than the ambient temperature. The methods, compared to the traditional design criteria, lead to a reduction of channel size and, therefore, of overall network size and cost as well. The first method requires the “ cold ” channel to transport air at a temperature value slightly lower (1 ÷ 2 (cid:1) C) than the minimum inlet temperature (variable with time) required by the zones. The second requires the “ hot ” channel to transport air at a temperature value slightly higher (1 ÷ 2 (cid:1) C) than the maximum inlet temperature (variable with time) required by the zones. The methods have been applied to some reference networks. The saving of side surface of the networks varies between 14 and 27% with respect to the traditional approach; the constraint on the maximum speed of the air through the ducts is always respected, while this does not always occur with traditional criteria.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129960030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80520
A. Melekhin
The author has developed a mathematical model of process of heat exchange in heat exchange surfaces of apparatuses with the solution of multicriteria optimization problem, an optimal range of managed parameters influencing the process of heat exchange with minimal metal consumption and the maximum heat output fin heat exchanger, the regularities of heat exchange process with getting generalizing dependencies distribution of temperature on the heat-release surface of the heat exchanger engineering systems of buildings, defined convergence of the results of research in the calculation on the basis of theoretical dependencies and solving mathematical model.
{"title":"The Solution of Private Problems of Optimization for Engineering Systems","authors":"A. Melekhin","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.80520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80520","url":null,"abstract":"The author has developed a mathematical model of process of heat exchange in heat exchange surfaces of apparatuses with the solution of multicriteria optimization problem, an optimal range of managed parameters influencing the process of heat exchange with minimal metal consumption and the maximum heat output fin heat exchanger, the regularities of heat exchange process with getting generalizing dependencies distribution of temperature on the heat-release surface of the heat exchanger engineering systems of buildings, defined convergence of the results of research in the calculation on the basis of theoretical dependencies and solving mathematical model.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131884002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79467
I. Gritsuk, V. Mateichyk, M. Śmieszek, V. Volkov, Y. Gutarevych, V. Aleksandrov, R. Symonenko, V. Verbovskiy
The chapter focuses on the use of the combined thermal development system with phase- transitional thermal accumulators. The peculiarity of the combined system is that it uses thermal energy of exhaust gas, coolant and motor oil for rapid pre-start and after-start heating of the vehicular engine. The structure of the combined thermal development system and a mathematical model have been developed to study the impact of the sys- tem parameters on the heating processes of the engine. The results of experimental and estimation studies of thermal accumulator materials and the combined heating system of the vehicular engine are shown. For a truck engine 8FS 9.2/8, it is shown that the use of the combined system reduces the time of coolant and motor oil thermal development by 22.9–57.5% and 25–57% accordingly compared with the use of a standard system. The peculiarities of forming and using the system depend on operational and climatic condi- tions and the category of the vehicle.
{"title":"Improving the Vehicular Engine Pre-Start and After-Start Heating by Using the Combined Heating System","authors":"I. Gritsuk, V. Mateichyk, M. Śmieszek, V. Volkov, Y. Gutarevych, V. Aleksandrov, R. Symonenko, V. Verbovskiy","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79467","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter focuses on the use of the combined thermal development system with phase- transitional thermal accumulators. The peculiarity of the combined system is that it uses thermal energy of exhaust gas, coolant and motor oil for rapid pre-start and after-start heating of the vehicular engine. The structure of the combined thermal development system and a mathematical model have been developed to study the impact of the sys- tem parameters on the heating processes of the engine. The results of experimental and estimation studies of thermal accumulator materials and the combined heating system of the vehicular engine are shown. For a truck engine 8FS 9.2/8, it is shown that the use of the combined system reduces the time of coolant and motor oil thermal development by 22.9–57.5% and 25–57% accordingly compared with the use of a standard system. The peculiarities of forming and using the system depend on operational and climatic condi- tions and the category of the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130066834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78613
A. Carbonari, M. Vaccarini, Emanuela Quaquero
This chapter focuses on advanced tools for transient energy simulation of existing buildings. Budget constraints often hinder the possibility of implementing large-scale retrofit projects. As a consequence, designers must work out low-cost renovation, which asks for a deep knowledge of the current state of the buildings. Furthermore, the performances of heating plants in existing buildings can be enhanced through the improvement of the control of the system. These types of retrofit actions can be carried out with a limited budget, but asks for the availability of very accurate transient energy simulation tools, which can compare the current and the renovated scenarios. On top of them, cost–benefit analyses can be developed. In this chapter, a model of a small hospital is developed in the Dymola/Modelica environment. The high flexibility of the transient simulation model and the very good agreement between numerical estimations and measurements are shown. Then, one scenario regarding enhanced regulation of the heating system by means of a customized ambient temperature control system is developed, and the expected energy savings are estimated.
{"title":"Numerical Approach for the Design of Cost-Effective Renovation of Heating System Control in Buildings","authors":"A. Carbonari, M. Vaccarini, Emanuela Quaquero","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78613","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on advanced tools for transient energy simulation of existing buildings. Budget constraints often hinder the possibility of implementing large-scale retrofit projects. As a consequence, designers must work out low-cost renovation, which asks for a deep knowledge of the current state of the buildings. Furthermore, the performances of heating plants in existing buildings can be enhanced through the improvement of the control of the system. These types of retrofit actions can be carried out with a limited budget, but asks for the availability of very accurate transient energy simulation tools, which can compare the current and the renovated scenarios. On top of them, cost–benefit analyses can be developed. In this chapter, a model of a small hospital is developed in the Dymola/Modelica environment. The high flexibility of the transient simulation model and the very good agreement between numerical estimations and measurements are shown. Then, one scenario regarding enhanced regulation of the heating system by means of a customized ambient temperature control system is developed, and the expected energy savings are estimated.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134476032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76642
L. Salgado-Conrado, C. Martín-Gómez, María Ibáñez Puy, José A. Fernández
This chapter aims to describe the conceptual design and operating mode of an innovative thermoelectric heating unit (THU) prototype in a heating mode. Firstly, the conceptual design of THU system and improvements are described to investigate the effects of design in the thermal performance. Secondly, the THU prototype was compared with a conventional air-conditioning system using the typical economic indicators (investment costs, maintenance costs and operational costs). The results indicate that the overall cost of this project was approximately 84,860 Euros, of which 69.27% of the total investment cost are for the engineering costs. By focused on the investment costs of the THU system, the results reveal that the conventional air-conditioning system is economically viable than a THU system. The analysis shows that the design has a direct effect on the costs. The maintenance costs show that THU v1.2 prototype is more economically viable in maintenance than the conventional air-conditioning system. Likewise, the operational costs show that THU v1.2 had a more stable thermal behaviour than the conventional air-conditioning system. Based on the results, the authors concluded that the THU system could be a viable option for a heating room.
{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of a Peltier Heating Unit System Integrated into Ventilated Façade","authors":"L. Salgado-Conrado, C. Martín-Gómez, María Ibáñez Puy, José A. Fernández","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76642","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to describe the conceptual design and operating mode of an innovative thermoelectric heating unit (THU) prototype in a heating mode. Firstly, the conceptual design of THU system and improvements are described to investigate the effects of design in the thermal performance. Secondly, the THU prototype was compared with a conventional air-conditioning system using the typical economic indicators (investment costs, maintenance costs and operational costs). The results indicate that the overall cost of this project was approximately 84,860 Euros, of which 69.27% of the total investment cost are for the engineering costs. By focused on the investment costs of the THU system, the results reveal that the conventional air-conditioning system is economically viable than a THU system. The analysis shows that the design has a direct effect on the costs. The maintenance costs show that THU v1.2 prototype is more economically viable in maintenance than the conventional air-conditioning system. Likewise, the operational costs show that THU v1.2 had a more stable thermal behaviour than the conventional air-conditioning system. Based on the results, the authors concluded that the THU system could be a viable option for a heating room.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128457881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78785
S. Hoff
Thermal modification for housed livestock and poultry production (HLPP) systems has evolved from outside raised or uncontrolled naturally ventilated building systems into sophisticated computer-controlled cloud-analyzed complexes in the quest for producing a safe, reliable, sustainable, and efficient protein supply for our ever-growing population. This chapter discusses a few of the various HLPP systems used in the USA and details the design process in quantifying the needs for our housed livestock and poultry. Specific emphasis is placed on general building characteristics, general ventilation design features, heat stress control, and systems designed to address animal welfare.
{"title":"HVAC Techniques for Modern Livestock and Poultry Production Systems","authors":"S. Hoff","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78785","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal modification for housed livestock and poultry production (HLPP) systems has evolved from outside raised or uncontrolled naturally ventilated building systems into sophisticated computer-controlled cloud-analyzed complexes in the quest for producing a safe, reliable, sustainable, and efficient protein supply for our ever-growing population. This chapter discusses a few of the various HLPP systems used in the USA and details the design process in quantifying the needs for our housed livestock and poultry. Specific emphasis is placed on general building characteristics, general ventilation design features, heat stress control, and systems designed to address animal welfare.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122319762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78341
C. Pérez-Tello, H. Campbell-Ramírez, José AlejandroSuástegui-Macías, Maria Reinhardt
In this chapter, power consumption and electrical demand in buildings or housing due to the utilization of HVAC systems are shown to be intimately linked to construction materials. This work proposes a methodology of energy management intended to analyze and evaluate actions aimed at saving and efficient use of electric energy of HVAC systems applied to regions with hot and dry climates. The methodology consists of: (1) characterization of local climatology using the concept of degree-hours (DH). (2) Utilization of a Fourier-type mathematical model to calculate hourly temperature using only daily maximum and minimum temperatures as well as an empirical model to compute energy efficiency (EER) of air-cooled air conditioning units. (3) Thermal simulation applying a software developed by the authors based on ASHRAE's Transfer Functions methodology to calculate hourly cooling loads, the adequate sizing of air conditioning equipment and the rate of heat extraction. (4) System analysis, identification of improvement actions, evaluation of viable alternatives of saving and efficient use of energy. The advantage of this proposal is its flexibility because it can be applied to any climatology and easily adaptable to the conditions of energy usage anywhere in the world.
{"title":"Methodology of Energy Management in Housing and Buildings of Regions with Hot and Dry Climates","authors":"C. Pérez-Tello, H. Campbell-Ramírez, José AlejandroSuástegui-Macías, Maria Reinhardt","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78341","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, power consumption and electrical demand in buildings or housing due to the utilization of HVAC systems are shown to be intimately linked to construction materials. This work proposes a methodology of energy management intended to analyze and evaluate actions aimed at saving and efficient use of electric energy of HVAC systems applied to regions with hot and dry climates. The methodology consists of: (1) characterization of local climatology using the concept of degree-hours (DH). (2) Utilization of a Fourier-type mathematical model to calculate hourly temperature using only daily maximum and minimum temperatures as well as an empirical model to compute energy efficiency (EER) of air-cooled air conditioning units. (3) Thermal simulation applying a software developed by the authors based on ASHRAE's Transfer Functions methodology to calculate hourly cooling loads, the adequate sizing of air conditioning equipment and the rate of heat extraction. (4) System analysis, identification of improvement actions, evaluation of viable alternatives of saving and efficient use of energy. The advantage of this proposal is its flexibility because it can be applied to any climatology and easily adaptable to the conditions of energy usage anywhere in the world.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134491005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78942
S. Seyam
HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal com- fort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.
{"title":"Types of HVAC Systems","authors":"S. Seyam","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78942","url":null,"abstract":"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal com- fort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.","PeriodicalId":267436,"journal":{"name":"HVAC System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133736194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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