Invasive anal cancer is curable in a great number of patients, particularly when it is diagnosed early and tumors are small. Anal cancers are most commonly treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation, which is discussed in further detail in the treatment section but can be expected to cause the tumors to completely regress in 80 to 90% of patients. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made from any site, one of the first steps done prior to determining how the cancer should be treated is to determine whether it is localized or has spread or metastasized [1] either to nearby lymph nodes or to distant organs, a process known as staging a cancer. The American Joint Committee on Cancer has created a formal staging system for most cancers that is based on 3 criteria: T or tumor size and an assessment of invasion of nearby organs, N or whether or not the cancer has spread to local lymph nodes, and M, which denotes the absence or presence of metastases to distant organs. The stage of a cancer is based on determining the T, N, and M for each tumor, which is then used to guide treatment and also provide an idea of the probability that the cancer can be cured or how effective the treatment is likely to be.
侵袭性肛门癌在很多患者中是可以治愈的，特别是在早期诊断和肿瘤很小的情况下。肛门癌最常见的治疗方法是化疗和放疗相结合，治疗部分将进一步详细讨论，但预计80%至90%的患者的肿瘤会完全消退。一旦从任何部位诊断出癌症，在确定如何治疗癌症之前，首先要做的就是确定它是局部的，还是已经扩散或转移[1]到附近的淋巴结或远处的器官，这一过程被称为癌症分期。美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer)为大多数癌症建立了一个正式的分期系统，该系统基于3个标准:T表示肿瘤大小和对附近器官侵犯的评估，N表示癌症是否扩散到局部淋巴结，M表示没有或存在转移到远处器官。癌症的阶段是基于确定每个肿瘤的T, N和M，然后用于指导治疗，也提供了癌症可以治愈的可能性或治疗可能有多有效的想法。
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