Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114848856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-013
Hannah-Lena Hagemann
: This paper investigates local and regional networks of power in the province of al-Jaz ī ra during the Umayyad and early ʿ Abb ā sid period. Using a prosopographical approach, it focuses on the office of the q ā ḍ ī as an intersection of imperial and provincial authority, using the cities of Ḥ arr ā n, al-Raqqa, and al-Maw ṣ il as case studies. A comparative analysis of the individuals appointed to the q ā ḍ ī ship reveals some commonalities in their backgrounds, particularly regarding ḥ ad ī th transmission, but also clear differences in the appointment patterns identified for each city. For example, the office of the q ā ḍ ī of Ḥ arr ā n seems to have been a predominantly local affair, while Raqqan q ā ḍ ī s frequently held transregional elite status. The judges of al-Maw ṣ il, on the other hand, feature local, regional, and transregional representatives. This variance is likely due to political and administrative factors and emphasizes the complex dynamics and hierarchies of governance in the early Islamic period.
本文调查了倭马亚王朝和早期卜卜王朝时期al-Jaz ā ra省的地方和区域权力网络。本书采用了人文学的方法，重点关注了作为帝国和省级权威交汇点的q ā ha ā的办公室，并以Ḥ arr ā n、al-Raqqa和al-Maw ā il等城市作为案例研究。对被指派到q ā ha ' s船上的个人的比较分析揭示了他们背景上的一些共性，特别是关于《古兰经》的传播，但也在每个城市确定的任命模式上有明显的差异。例如，Ḥ arr ā n的q ā ha ' s办公室似乎主要是地方事务，而Raqqan的q ā ha ' s经常拥有跨区域的精英地位。另一方面，al-Maw ' il的法官有地方、区域和跨区域的代表。这种差异可能是由于政治和行政因素造成的，并强调了早期伊斯兰统治时期复杂的动态和等级制度。
{"title":"Muslim Elites in the Early Islamic Jazīra: The Qāḍīs of Ḥarrān, al-Raqqa, and al-Mawṣil","authors":"Hannah-Lena Hagemann","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-013","url":null,"abstract":": This paper investigates local and regional networks of power in the province of al-Jaz ī ra during the Umayyad and early ʿ Abb ā sid period. Using a prosopographical approach, it focuses on the office of the q ā ḍ ī as an intersection of imperial and provincial authority, using the cities of Ḥ arr ā n, al-Raqqa, and al-Maw ṣ il as case studies. A comparative analysis of the individuals appointed to the q ā ḍ ī ship reveals some commonalities in their backgrounds, particularly regarding ḥ ad ī th transmission, but also clear differences in the appointment patterns identified for each city. For example, the office of the q ā ḍ ī of Ḥ arr ā n seems to have been a predominantly local affair, while Raqqan q ā ḍ ī s frequently held transregional elite status. The judges of al-Maw ṣ il, on the other hand, feature local, regional, and transregional representatives. This variance is likely due to political and administrative factors and emphasizes the complex dynamics and hierarchies of governance in the early Islamic period.","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"os-5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127759877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-002
Hannah-Lena Hagemann, Katharina Mewes, Peter Verkinderen
: This paper conceptualizes the term elite for the study of early Islamic history and aims to provide a usable definition for historians of early Islam. It gives an overview of existing terminology referring to socially dominant groups in Arabic and Persian sources as well as in the social sciences and related fields, discussing and dismissing its suitability for the field of Islamic Studies. The ar-ticle traces the development of the term elite in scholarly discourse from the 19 th century onward and presents its own definition suited to the complex organizational structure of early Islamic society, pointing out both the challenges of and possible strategies for studying early Islamic elites.
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Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-008
A. Elad
The aim of this paper is to study the nature of the term and institution of al-Sh ā kiriyya by re-examining the Arabic sources pertaining to the Umaw ī and early ʿ Abb ā s ī caliphate. It is difficult to discern the character of the Sh ā kiriyya in the service of the Arab commanders in Central Asia from the Arabic sources. They provide no information on ethnic composition, mobilization, military training or potential ties between a commander/master and his Sh ā kir . This applies mainly to the Umaw ī period, but also to the first ʿ Abb ā s ī period up to al-Ma ʾ m ū n ’ s rule (813 – 833). It is also impossible to determine from them the possible connections between the ancient Central Asian military institutions and military institutions in the Islamic world. From evidence about the Sh ā kiriyya in the Arabic sources we can usually discern a distinct military character, though it is noteworthy that in some cases the term Sh ā kir ī can be translated as meaning a loyal adherent, or even a servant.While relatively extensive, the evidence at hand from the Umaw ī and the early ʿ Abb ā s ī periods is too limited to fully demonstrate that a) the Sh ā kiriyya units denote Turks and b) that these allegedly Turkish units performed their service for the ʿ Abb ā s ī caliphs according to concepts and practices derived from the Central Asian steppe. al-Mas ū d s Mur ū j al-Dhahab ], but history here is envisaged from a more phil-osophical and certainly from a more critical point of view. The author displays a good knowledge of ancient and alien religions,whose cultural value he stresses without however ceasing to place Islam above them. He follows the usual order. Beginning with the creation of the world, he devotes the first three volumes (half of the whole work) to ancient history and to philosophical, theological, geographical, etc. considerations and does not reach a consideration of Islam until the fourth volume (cf. the parallel lay-out of al-Mas ʿ ū d ī ’ s work, in which these earlier topics occupy two out of five), finally reserving a restricted place for the Umayyads and ʿ Abb ā s ī ds … a disdain may possibly arise precisely from the originality and free thought of a writer who seems to have maintained a certain independence and not to have been an adherent of any religious movement of age when lived.³
本文的目的是通过重新检查与乌麦和早期的阿卜拉斯哈里发有关的阿拉伯语来源，研究al-Sh ā kiriyya的术语和制度的性质。很难从阿拉伯文资料中看出为中亚的阿拉伯指挥官服务的Sh ā kiriyya的特点。它们没有提供关于种族构成、动员、军事训练或指挥官/主人与其沙基尔之间潜在联系的资料。这主要适用于乌麦王朝时期，但也适用于第一个阿卜王朝时期，直到al-Ma - m - n统治时期(813 - 833)。也不可能从中确定古代中亚军事机构与伊斯兰世界军事机构之间可能存在的联系。从阿拉伯语资料中关于Sh ā kiriyya的证据中，我们通常可以看出一个明显的军事特征，尽管值得注意的是，在某些情况下，Sh ā kir ā一词可以被翻译为忠诚的追随者，甚至是仆人。虽然相对广泛，但来自乌麦和早期的证据过于有限，无法充分证明a) Sh ā kiriyya单位表示土耳其人，b)这些据称是土耳其人的单位根据源自中亚草原的概念和做法为al ā Abb ā s哈里发服务。al-Mas ' d ' s Mur ' j al-Dhahab]，但这里的历史是从更哲学的角度来设想的，当然是从更批判的角度来设想的。作者展示了对古代和外来宗教的丰富知识，他强调了这些宗教的文化价值，但并没有停止将伊斯兰教置于它们之上。他遵循通常的顺序。从世界的创造开始，他将前三卷(整部作品的一半)用于古代历史和哲学、神学、地理等方面的考虑，直到第四卷才涉及到伊斯兰教(参见al-Mas & & & d & &;的平行布局，其中这些早期的主题占据了五分之二)。最后为倭马亚人和阿卜人保留了一个有限的位置……一种蔑视可能恰恰来自于一位作家的独创性和自由思想，他似乎保持了一定的独立性，并且在他生活的时代没有追随任何宗教运动
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Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-010
Simon Gundelfinger, Peter Verkinderen
: This paper compares patterns of gubernatorial appointments in early Islamic al-Sh ā m and F ā rs until the reign of al-Mu ʿ tamid. The provincial, sub-provincial and super-provincial governors it identifies are listed in the attached appendix. By examining their backgrounds, the paper locates appointment patterns. Finally, the patterns in both provinces are compared and their divergence interpreted as an indication of an imperial strategy adapted to local cir-cumstances.
{"title":"The Governors of al-Shām and Fārs in the Early Islamic Empire – A Comparative Regional Perspective","authors":"Simon Gundelfinger, Peter Verkinderen","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-010","url":null,"abstract":": This paper compares patterns of gubernatorial appointments in early Islamic al-Sh ā m and F ā rs until the reign of al-Mu ʿ tamid. The provincial, sub-provincial and super-provincial governors it identifies are listed in the attached appendix. By examining their backgrounds, the paper locates appointment patterns. Finally, the patterns in both provinces are compared and their divergence interpreted as an indication of an imperial strategy adapted to local cir-cumstances.","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129196566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-005
Hugh P. Kennedy
: This paper explores the composition and role of the military and political elite of the early ʿ Abb ā sid caliphate (750 – 809) whose support enabled the caliphs to maintain sovereignty over their far-flung domains. It considers the im-portance of different groups, including members of the ʿ Abb ā sid family, military commanders from Khur ā s ā n and members of powerful and wealthy families like the Muhallab ī s and the Shayb ā ni tribal chiefs. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons for the disappearance and effective extinction of this elite in the years after the great civil war that followed H ā r ū n al-Rash ī d ’ s death in 809.
{"title":"The Rise and Fall of the Early ʿAbbāsid Political and Military Elite","authors":"Hugh P. Kennedy","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-005","url":null,"abstract":": This paper explores the composition and role of the military and political elite of the early ʿ Abb ā sid caliphate (750 – 809) whose support enabled the caliphs to maintain sovereignty over their far-flung domains. It considers the im-portance of different groups, including members of the ʿ Abb ā sid family, military commanders from Khur ā s ā n and members of powerful and wealthy families like the Muhallab ī s and the Shayb ā ni tribal chiefs. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons for the disappearance and effective extinction of this elite in the years after the great civil war that followed H ā r ū n al-Rash ī d ’ s death in 809.","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"111 3S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131900880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-001
S. Heidemann
Our knowledge about the working of the early Islamic Empire is still rather imbalanced. The caliphate ruled an expanse from Central Asia to North Africa for about 300 years until the 940s, creating in the process a distinct civilization and culture. Research on the early Islamic Empire, and consequently our knowledge thereof, is still dominated by the perspective of the sources.Whilst unsurprising, the tendency of researchers to rely upon the viewpoint of the major historians of the Islamic Empire has led them to adopt the same geographical biases that these historians maintained. The most important of these is al-Ṭabarī (d. 923), who provides us with a monumental history of the world and the Islamic Empire until the time when its power was waning. As informative as al-Ṭabarī is, even about the far regions of the empire, his primary concern is the developments of its political and economic center, Greater Mesopotamia. This region, which comprised important metropolises such as al-Kūfa, al-Baṣra, Wāsiṭ, Baghdād, Sāmarrāʾ, and al-Mawṣil, was tightly controlled and taxed. It also served as the power base of the Sasanians, an imperial tradition on which the Islamic Empire subsequently built. Historians have often transposed the information provided by al-Ṭabarī and others regarding this economic, agricultural, and political heartland to the empire as a whole. It became the governing paradigm for the narrative of the empire. The questioning of this assumption was the starting point of the European Research Council project ‘The Early Islamic Empire at Work’, which ran from April 2014 to September 2019. In investigating how the vast and diverse Islamic Empire was governed, the project critiques the reigning ‘top-down’ conceptualization, according to which the caliph and his court constitute the center from which imperial power, politics, and indeed history were transmitted. Instead, it posited a ‘View from the Regions Toward the Center’, which, inspired by scholars of European Medieval Studies such as Peter Thorau1 and Chris Wickham,2
{"title":"Introduction: Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","authors":"S. Heidemann","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-001","url":null,"abstract":"Our knowledge about the working of the early Islamic Empire is still rather imbalanced. The caliphate ruled an expanse from Central Asia to North Africa for about 300 years until the 940s, creating in the process a distinct civilization and culture. Research on the early Islamic Empire, and consequently our knowledge thereof, is still dominated by the perspective of the sources.Whilst unsurprising, the tendency of researchers to rely upon the viewpoint of the major historians of the Islamic Empire has led them to adopt the same geographical biases that these historians maintained. The most important of these is al-Ṭabarī (d. 923), who provides us with a monumental history of the world and the Islamic Empire until the time when its power was waning. As informative as al-Ṭabarī is, even about the far regions of the empire, his primary concern is the developments of its political and economic center, Greater Mesopotamia. This region, which comprised important metropolises such as al-Kūfa, al-Baṣra, Wāsiṭ, Baghdād, Sāmarrāʾ, and al-Mawṣil, was tightly controlled and taxed. It also served as the power base of the Sasanians, an imperial tradition on which the Islamic Empire subsequently built. Historians have often transposed the information provided by al-Ṭabarī and others regarding this economic, agricultural, and political heartland to the empire as a whole. It became the governing paradigm for the narrative of the empire. The questioning of this assumption was the starting point of the European Research Council project ‘The Early Islamic Empire at Work’, which ran from April 2014 to September 2019. In investigating how the vast and diverse Islamic Empire was governed, the project critiques the reigning ‘top-down’ conceptualization, according to which the caliph and his court constitute the center from which imperial power, politics, and indeed history were transmitted. Instead, it posited a ‘View from the Regions Toward the Center’, which, inspired by scholars of European Medieval Studies such as Peter Thorau1 and Chris Wickham,2","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132606156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-007
Ahmad Khan
: This study uses prosopographies pertaining to political elites from Khur ā s ā n in order to examine patterns of social mobility, professional circulation, and structures of imperial rule in the ʿ Abb ā sid Empire during the 8 th – 9 th centuries. It suggests that the early ʿ Abb ā sid Empire was dominated by informal patterns of rule that depended disproportionately on personal retainers and elite gubernatorial and military families to maintain structures of an otherwise bureaucratic centralized empire.
{"title":"An Empire of Elites: Mobility in the Early Islamic Empire","authors":"Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-007","url":null,"abstract":": This study uses prosopographies pertaining to political elites from Khur ā s ā n in order to examine patterns of social mobility, professional circulation, and structures of imperial rule in the ʿ Abb ā sid Empire during the 8 th – 9 th centuries. It suggests that the early ʿ Abb ā sid Empire was dominated by informal patterns of rule that depended disproportionately on personal retainers and elite gubernatorial and military families to maintain structures of an otherwise bureaucratic centralized empire.","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128323346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-003
G. Leube
: This contribution aims to bring a tribal and provincial perspective to the study of the early Islamic Empire. It begins with an exploration of the boundaries, functions and possible deployment of interpersonal networks formulated in the terminology of common tribal affiliation during that period, building on the author ’ s prosopographical study of the Arabic tribe ( qab ī la ) of Kinda during the first three generations of Islamic history. It then considers the perspective of tribally founded elites, demonstrating and addressing their mainly local areas of authority as compared to administrative structures founded on visions of centralized power. In its last part, this paper moves from a longue durée comparison of the trajectories of families of different Kinda-affiliated tribal notables towards an assessment of the sources of authority at the disposal of a tribally-based leader, especially one in conflict with the central powers. On these three levels, this paper aims to determine the amount of independence available to tribal elites negotiating multiple roles. These roles included those of loyal provincial administrators, equal peers of global rulers and rebels contesting the legitimacy of the early Islamic Empire ’ s ruling elites on a potentially apocalyptic scale.
{"title":"Insult the Caliph, Marry al-Ḥasan, and Redeem Your Kingdom: Freiheitsgrade of Kindī Elites During the 7th to 9th Century","authors":"G. Leube","doi":"10.1515/9783110669800-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-003","url":null,"abstract":": This contribution aims to bring a tribal and provincial perspective to the study of the early Islamic Empire. It begins with an exploration of the boundaries, functions and possible deployment of interpersonal networks formulated in the terminology of common tribal affiliation during that period, building on the author ’ s prosopographical study of the Arabic tribe ( qab ī la ) of Kinda during the first three generations of Islamic history. It then considers the perspective of tribally founded elites, demonstrating and addressing their mainly local areas of authority as compared to administrative structures founded on visions of centralized power. In its last part, this paper moves from a longue durée comparison of the trajectories of families of different Kinda-affiliated tribal notables towards an assessment of the sources of authority at the disposal of a tribally-based leader, especially one in conflict with the central powers. On these three levels, this paper aims to determine the amount of independence available to tribal elites negotiating multiple roles. These roles included those of loyal provincial administrators, equal peers of global rulers and rebels contesting the legitimacy of the early Islamic Empire ’ s ruling elites on a potentially apocalyptic scale.","PeriodicalId":269783,"journal":{"name":"Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129106004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1515/9783110669800-004
Noëmie Lucas
: This paper aims to identify types of landowners in Lower Iraq, where land was a social, political and economic issue, especially during the 8 th century. The focus on landholders determines the characterisation of the imperial as well as regional Lower Iraqi elite. It takes into consideration Jewish and Christian landowners (for example, ecclesiastical landed elites in the Nestorian communi-ty), Persian landowners (for example, the dah ā q ī n who settled in the region before the Islamic conquest) and the landed Islamic elites (who are related to the conquering group). With this typology, I shed light not only on the diversity of landed elites in Lower Iraq but also on the subgroup of Islamic landowners. Defining landowner groups is a prerequisite to the study of the interplay between local and imperial elites over the course of the 8 th century. This period is regarded as that of the rise of Islamic elites. Researchers agree these elites were no longer specifically bound to military functions, a development with consequences for other landed groups. Subsequent interplays took place in the context of inter- and intra-group relationships. This paper seeks to offer a typology of these interactions in order to understand the relationships and power ratios at stake. ,¹
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