Pub Date : 2020-02-27DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91312
Yuting Shao, C. Chao, Qi Zhou, Jun Yang, Xiaocui Lv, Mingyue Lin, Yanlong Bi
Amniotic membranes (AMs) and corneas are critical materials in ocular surface reconstruction. AM has specific structures (e.g., basement and two types of cells with stemness characteristics: amniotic epithelial cells and amniotic mesenchymal cells), which contribute to its attractive physical and biological properties that make it fundamental to clinical application. The corneal endothelial cell is a vital part of the cornea, which can influence postoperative vision directly. However, widespread use of fresh AM and cornea has been limited due to their short use span and safety concerns. To overcome these concerns, different preservation methods have been introduced. Cryopreservation is distinguished from many preservation methods for its attractive advantages of prolonged use span, optimally retained tissue structure, and minimized infection risk. This review will focus on recent advances of cryopreserved AM and cornea, including different cryopreservation methods and their indications in ophthalmology.
{"title":"Cryopreservation in Ophthalmology","authors":"Yuting Shao, C. Chao, Qi Zhou, Jun Yang, Xiaocui Lv, Mingyue Lin, Yanlong Bi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91312","url":null,"abstract":"Amniotic membranes (AMs) and corneas are critical materials in ocular surface reconstruction. AM has specific structures (e.g., basement and two types of cells with stemness characteristics: amniotic epithelial cells and amniotic mesenchymal cells), which contribute to its attractive physical and biological properties that make it fundamental to clinical application. The corneal endothelial cell is a vital part of the cornea, which can influence postoperative vision directly. However, widespread use of fresh AM and cornea has been limited due to their short use span and safety concerns. To overcome these concerns, different preservation methods have been introduced. Cryopreservation is distinguished from many preservation methods for its attractive advantages of prolonged use span, optimally retained tissue structure, and minimized infection risk. This review will focus on recent advances of cryopreserved AM and cornea, including different cryopreservation methods and their indications in ophthalmology.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"370 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133708987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90152
N. Saymé
Cryopreservation is a worldwide technique that makes it possible to preserve different living cells and tissues, including male and female gametes and embryos, in a structurally intact state using low temperature over time. Since the starting point of the cryopreservation era in 1776, until today, this was one of the most important steps in assisted reproductive techniques. Conventional slow freezing of spermatozoa is commonly used for cryopreservation of both ejaculated and surgically retrieved spermatozoa. The technique of the slow freezing is principally based on dehydration of cells which is performed through slow cooling combined with low concentrations of a cryoprotectant agent for achieving a balance. Besides of slow freezing, for more than a decade, many reports suggest the sperm vitrification technique as an alternative to slow freezing. Contrary to the slow freezing method, with vitrification, the effects of the cryoprotectants in spermatozoa are eliminated since this method is cryoprotectant-free. All of these interesting and promising protocols of vitrification, however, have not been implemented in the lab routine yet, and slow freezing remains the standard cryopreservation method in most laboratories worldwide.
{"title":"Cryopreservation of Human Spermatozoa: A New Frontier in Reproductive Medicine","authors":"N. Saymé","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90152","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation is a worldwide technique that makes it possible to preserve different living cells and tissues, including male and female gametes and embryos, in a structurally intact state using low temperature over time. Since the starting point of the cryopreservation era in 1776, until today, this was one of the most important steps in assisted reproductive techniques. Conventional slow freezing of spermatozoa is commonly used for cryopreservation of both ejaculated and surgically retrieved spermatozoa. The technique of the slow freezing is principally based on dehydration of cells which is performed through slow cooling combined with low concentrations of a cryoprotectant agent for achieving a balance. Besides of slow freezing, for more than a decade, many reports suggest the sperm vitrification technique as an alternative to slow freezing. Contrary to the slow freezing method, with vitrification, the effects of the cryoprotectants in spermatozoa are eliminated since this method is cryoprotectant-free. All of these interesting and promising protocols of vitrification, however, have not been implemented in the lab routine yet, and slow freezing remains the standard cryopreservation method in most laboratories worldwide.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121100233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-25DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89789
A. Öztürk, M. Bucak, Mustafa Bodu, N. Başpınar, I. Çelik, Z. Shu, N. Keskin, D. Gao
Low temperature has been utilized to keep living cells and tissues dormant but potentially alive for cryopreservation and biobanking with great impacts on scientific and biomedical applications. However, there is a critical contradiction between the purpose of the cryopreservation and experimental findings: the cryopreserved cells and tissues can be fatally damaged by the cryopreservation process itself. Contrary to popular belief, the challenge to the life of living cells and tissues during the cryopreservation is not their ability to endure storage at cryogenic temperatures (below − 190°C); rather it is the lethality associated with mass and energy transport within an intermediate zone of low temperature ( − 15 to − 130°C) that a cell must traverse twice, once during cooling and once during warming. This chapter will focus on (1) the mechanisms of cryoinjury and cryopretection of human sperm in cryopreservation, and (2) cryopreservation techniques and methods developed based on the understanding of the above mechanisms.
{"title":"Cryobiology and Cryopreservation of Sperm","authors":"A. Öztürk, M. Bucak, Mustafa Bodu, N. Başpınar, I. Çelik, Z. Shu, N. Keskin, D. Gao","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89789","url":null,"abstract":"Low temperature has been utilized to keep living cells and tissues dormant but potentially alive for cryopreservation and biobanking with great impacts on scientific and biomedical applications. However, there is a critical contradiction between the purpose of the cryopreservation and experimental findings: the cryopreserved cells and tissues can be fatally damaged by the cryopreservation process itself. Contrary to popular belief, the challenge to the life of living cells and tissues during the cryopreservation is not their ability to endure storage at cryogenic temperatures (below − 190°C); rather it is the lethality associated with mass and energy transport within an intermediate zone of low temperature ( − 15 to − 130°C) that a cell must traverse twice, once during cooling and once during warming. This chapter will focus on (1) the mechanisms of cryoinjury and cryopretection of human sperm in cryopreservation, and (2) cryopreservation techniques and methods developed based on the understanding of the above mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123915119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89723
S. Hammond, M. Faltus, J. Zamecnik
Cryopreservation is considered to be a reliable biotechnological tool for the long-term conservation of vegetatively propagated plant germplasm. The technique is based on freezing plant tissues at an ultralow temperature. However, high water content in plant tissue can result in injury during the cooling and thawing processes. Water behavior in the process of cryopreservation can be assessed by the use of thermal analysis method. This chapter demonstrates how the use of heat flux-type differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis methods such as standard DSC, tem-perature-modulated DSC (TMDSC), and quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated DSC (QITMDSC) can be used to assess the amount of freezable water and verify if the tissue being used has reached glass transition as well as analyzing the thermal events during cooling and freezing to reduce crystallization and damage by frost. Here, you can find a guide on how these thermal analysis methods can be applied, through concrete examples of each method and their use in the development of a more reliable and precise cryopreservation protocol for vegetatively propagated plant species. calorimeter during warming. The glass transition is characterized by the beginning of the heat flow change (onset), midpoint (in some cases inflection point), and finish of heat flow change (endset), characterized by change of heat capacity ( Δ Cp). Crystallization of supercooled water is an exothermic reaction, followed by the thawing of crystalized water. These events can be characterized by onset, midpoint, and endset temperatures and by event heat flow change. Based on analysis of the exothermic or endothermic events, the freezable water content can be calculated also in dehydrated samples. Additionally, this thermal analysis method is a powerful tool in the assessment of the sample’s water behavior during cooling and warming; this includes supercooling, freezing, glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting which influence the sample’s cryopreservation success.
{"title":"Methods of Thermal Analysis as a Tool to Develop Cryopreservation Protocols of Vegetatively Propagated Crops","authors":"S. Hammond, M. Faltus, J. Zamecnik","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89723","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation is considered to be a reliable biotechnological tool for the long-term conservation of vegetatively propagated plant germplasm. The technique is based on freezing plant tissues at an ultralow temperature. However, high water content in plant tissue can result in injury during the cooling and thawing processes. Water behavior in the process of cryopreservation can be assessed by the use of thermal analysis method. This chapter demonstrates how the use of heat flux-type differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis methods such as standard DSC, tem-perature-modulated DSC (TMDSC), and quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated DSC (QITMDSC) can be used to assess the amount of freezable water and verify if the tissue being used has reached glass transition as well as analyzing the thermal events during cooling and freezing to reduce crystallization and damage by frost. Here, you can find a guide on how these thermal analysis methods can be applied, through concrete examples of each method and their use in the development of a more reliable and precise cryopreservation protocol for vegetatively propagated plant species. calorimeter during warming. The glass transition is characterized by the beginning of the heat flow change (onset), midpoint (in some cases inflection point), and finish of heat flow change (endset), characterized by change of heat capacity ( Δ Cp). Crystallization of supercooled water is an exothermic reaction, followed by the thawing of crystalized water. These events can be characterized by onset, midpoint, and endset temperatures and by event heat flow change. Based on analysis of the exothermic or endothermic events, the freezable water content can be calculated also in dehydrated samples. Additionally, this thermal analysis method is a powerful tool in the assessment of the sample’s water behavior during cooling and warming; this includes supercooling, freezing, glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting which influence the sample’s cryopreservation success.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"5 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121015048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89363
S. Rodriguez, David Whaley, M. Alexander, M. Mohammadi, J. Lakey
There have been significant advancements in the research of pancreatic islet transplantations over the past 50 years as a treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). This work has resulted in hundreds of clinical islet transplantation procedures internationally. One limitation of the procedure includes effective storage techniques during donor-recipient cross-matching following islet isolation from deceased donor. Cryopreservation, which is heavily used in embryology research, has been proposed as a prospective method for pancreatic islet banking to bridge the temporal intervals between donor-recipient matching. The cryopreservation methods currently involve the freezing of islets to subzero ( − 80/ − 196°C) temperatures for storage followed by a thawing and warming period, which can be increasingly harmful to islet viability and insulin secretion capabilities. Recent advances in islet cryopreservation technologies have improved outcomes for islet health and survivability during this process. The aim of this chapter is to characterize aspects of the islet cryopreservation method while reviewing current procedural improvements that have led to better outcomes to islet health.
{"title":"Current Advancements in Pancreatic Islet Cryopreservation Techniques","authors":"S. Rodriguez, David Whaley, M. Alexander, M. Mohammadi, J. Lakey","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89363","url":null,"abstract":"There have been significant advancements in the research of pancreatic islet transplantations over the past 50 years as a treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). This work has resulted in hundreds of clinical islet transplantation procedures internationally. One limitation of the procedure includes effective storage techniques during donor-recipient cross-matching following islet isolation from deceased donor. Cryopreservation, which is heavily used in embryology research, has been proposed as a prospective method for pancreatic islet banking to bridge the temporal intervals between donor-recipient matching. The cryopreservation methods currently involve the freezing of islets to subzero ( − 80/ − 196°C) temperatures for storage followed by a thawing and warming period, which can be increasingly harmful to islet viability and insulin secretion capabilities. Recent advances in islet cryopreservation technologies have improved outcomes for islet health and survivability during this process. The aim of this chapter is to characterize aspects of the islet cryopreservation method while reviewing current procedural improvements that have led to better outcomes to islet health.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115884630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-24DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89162
Hugo Desnos, P. Bruyère, M. Teixeira, L. Commin, G. Louis, S. Trombotto, A. Moussa, L. David, S. Buff, A. Baudot
The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) as a cryoprotectant agent (CPA) is controversial. Indeed, this cryoprotectant agent (CPA) is cytotoxic and potentially mutagenic. Therefore, other cryoprotectants must be used to reduce the proportion of Me 2 SO in slow-freezing solutions. In this chapter, we propose to present the first evaluation of new non-penetrating cryoprotectants: the chitooligosaccharides (COS). These molecules are chitosan oligomers, which are biocompatible, antioxi-dant, and bacteriostatic. We first review the use of saccharides through cryopreser-vation processes. We question the possibility to reduce penetrating CPA during slow-freezing procedures. We propose to use COS as extracellular CPA to reduce the use of Me 2 SO. We question the biocompatibility of COS on mouse embryos through the analysis of the cells' development. Next, we evaluate these molecules in slow-freezing solutions with a reduced quantity of Me 2 SO. Our experimental approach is a physical method often used to characterize slow-freezing solutions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allows to evaluate the crystallization and melting processes, the amount of crystallized water, and the equilibrium temperature and consequently to evaluate the impact of different cryoprotectants. This study gives a better understanding on how slow-freezing protocols could be improved with extracellular CPA.
{"title":"The Use of Chitooligosaccharides in Cryopreservation: Discussion of Concept and First Answers from DSC Thermal Analysis","authors":"Hugo Desnos, P. Bruyère, M. Teixeira, L. Commin, G. Louis, S. Trombotto, A. Moussa, L. David, S. Buff, A. Baudot","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89162","url":null,"abstract":"The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) as a cryoprotectant agent (CPA) is controversial. Indeed, this cryoprotectant agent (CPA) is cytotoxic and potentially mutagenic. Therefore, other cryoprotectants must be used to reduce the proportion of Me 2 SO in slow-freezing solutions. In this chapter, we propose to present the first evaluation of new non-penetrating cryoprotectants: the chitooligosaccharides (COS). These molecules are chitosan oligomers, which are biocompatible, antioxi-dant, and bacteriostatic. We first review the use of saccharides through cryopreser-vation processes. We question the possibility to reduce penetrating CPA during slow-freezing procedures. We propose to use COS as extracellular CPA to reduce the use of Me 2 SO. We question the biocompatibility of COS on mouse embryos through the analysis of the cells' development. Next, we evaluate these molecules in slow-freezing solutions with a reduced quantity of Me 2 SO. Our experimental approach is a physical method often used to characterize slow-freezing solutions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allows to evaluate the crystallization and melting processes, the amount of crystallized water, and the equilibrium temperature and consequently to evaluate the impact of different cryoprotectants. This study gives a better understanding on how slow-freezing protocols could be improved with extracellular CPA.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131417455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89272
M. Scott, N. Nakane, E. Maurer-Spurej
Unlike red blood cells (RBC) which are stored at 4°C, platelets are stored at 22–24°C (room temperature) due to biophysical and biochemical changes induced by cold temperatures aggregately known as the ‘cold storage lesion’ (CSL). However, 22°C storage greatly increases the risk of microbial growth, thus limiting the safe storage of platelets to only 5–7 days (versus 42 days for RBC). Consequent to the short shelf life of platelets, blood services face chronic shortages of these life-saving cells. To overcome both the risk of microbial contamination and the constrained supplies of platelets, renewed research into attenuating the CSL and/or determining where cold stored platelets are clinically suitable are ongoing. In this chapter, we show that the covalent grafting of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), a biocompatible polymer, to the membrane of platelets attenuates the CSL. Moreover, the grafted mPEG serves as a potent cryoprotectant allowing platelets to be stored at 4°C, or frozen at − 20°C, while retaining normal platelet counts and biologic function. The successful development of platelet PEGylation may provide a means by which the cold storage of platelets can be achieved with a minimal loss of platelet quality while improving both platelet microbial safety and inventory.
{"title":"Cryoprotection of Platelets by Grafted Polymers","authors":"M. Scott, N. Nakane, E. Maurer-Spurej","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89272","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike red blood cells (RBC) which are stored at 4°C, platelets are stored at 22–24°C (room temperature) due to biophysical and biochemical changes induced by cold temperatures aggregately known as the ‘cold storage lesion’ (CSL). However, 22°C storage greatly increases the risk of microbial growth, thus limiting the safe storage of platelets to only 5–7 days (versus 42 days for RBC). Consequent to the short shelf life of platelets, blood services face chronic shortages of these life-saving cells. To overcome both the risk of microbial contamination and the constrained supplies of platelets, renewed research into attenuating the CSL and/or determining where cold stored platelets are clinically suitable are ongoing. In this chapter, we show that the covalent grafting of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), a biocompatible polymer, to the membrane of platelets attenuates the CSL. Moreover, the grafted mPEG serves as a potent cryoprotectant allowing platelets to be stored at 4°C, or frozen at − 20°C, while retaining normal platelet counts and biologic function. The successful development of platelet PEGylation may provide a means by which the cold storage of platelets can be achieved with a minimal loss of platelet quality while improving both platelet microbial safety and inventory.","PeriodicalId":271147,"journal":{"name":"Cryopreservation - Current Advances and Evaluations","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126793820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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