Aim: To evaluate the ability of self-instillation of eye drops in healthy adults. Methods: Participants who are older than 18 years old with no ocular or systemic pathologies were included in the study. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological evaluation including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure measurement, anterior and posterior segment examinations. Participants were given a 5 ml bottle of sodium hyaluronate 0.15% (Dryex, Abdi Ibrahim, Turkiye) and were instructed to install one drop to each eye. Dominant hands of the participants were noted and eye-drop instillation was evaluated for each eye. Success was defined as putting one drop on the ocular surface, not touching the bottle tip to surrounding tissues nor to the ocular surface, and not putting more than one drop. Results: A total of 50 participants, 27 (54%) female and 23 (46%) male were included in the study. The mean age was 28.0±8.1 (18-40) years, and the mean best corrected visual acuity (Snellen) was 1.0 (all participants had 20/20 visual acuity). The number of participants who managed to instill the eye-drop to both eyes successfully was 13 (26%). When both eyes were encountered, the rate of he successful ability to instill at least 1 drop was 62%, bottle tip touch was 39%, and more than one drop flow was 27%). Conclusion: The success rate of self-using of eye drops is lower than expected (26%) in healthy young adults, and patient education on eye-drop instillation might be a necessity for every patient.
{"title":"Evaluation of Self-Competence in Eye-Drop Instillation in Healthy Young Adults","authors":"","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2300101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2300101","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the ability of self-instillation of eye drops in healthy adults. Methods: Participants who are older than 18 years old with no ocular or systemic pathologies were included in the study. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological evaluation including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure measurement, anterior and posterior segment examinations. Participants were given a 5 ml bottle of sodium hyaluronate 0.15% (Dryex, Abdi Ibrahim, Turkiye) and were instructed to install one drop to each eye. Dominant hands of the participants were noted and eye-drop instillation was evaluated for each eye. Success was defined as putting one drop on the ocular surface, not touching the bottle tip to surrounding tissues nor to the ocular surface, and not putting more than one drop. Results: A total of 50 participants, 27 (54%) female and 23 (46%) male were included in the study. The mean age was 28.0±8.1 (18-40) years, and the mean best corrected visual acuity (Snellen) was 1.0 (all participants had 20/20 visual acuity). The number of participants who managed to instill the eye-drop to both eyes successfully was 13 (26%). When both eyes were encountered, the rate of he successful ability to instill at least 1 drop was 62%, bottle tip touch was 39%, and more than one drop flow was 27%). Conclusion: The success rate of self-using of eye drops is lower than expected (26%) in healthy young adults, and patient education on eye-drop instillation might be a necessity for every patient.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138943754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article addresses the possible use of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) as biomarkers in the tears for diagnosis, determining disease severity, and monitoring the effect of treatment for dry eye disease (DED), a disease which is highly prevalent and heterogeneous with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. The current diagnosis and classification of severity of DED is a mostly subjective process with no consistent objective markers of disease, so the identification of novel biomarkers could improve patient care as well as lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and discovery of new treatments. This review is the first to compare the results of studies of markers of oxidative stress MDA and 4-HNE in DED and other ocular diseases to more comprehensively explore the potential for the use of MDA and 4-HNE as biomarkers for DED. The role of oxidative stress in DED is reviewed and then the evidence of their association with DED and other ocular diseases. Overall, previous studies indicate a promising potential for the use of tear MDA and 4-HNE as biomarkers for DED that should be explored with further research. Abbreviations: MDA: Malondialdehyde, HNE: Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, DED: Dry Eye Disease, ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, L: Lipid Radical, LOO: Lipid Peroxy Radical, LOOH: Lipid Peroxidation Are Lipid Hydroperoxides, AA: Arachidonic Acid, TBA: Thiobarbituric Acid, HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, HCEC: Human Corneal Epithelial Cells, HEL: Hexanoyl-Lysine, GCD: Granular Corneal Dystrophy, CSCR: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy, SS: Sjögren Syndrome, PS: Pterostilbene, PACG: Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma, AKC: Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis, VF: Visual Field, KC: Keratoconus, wAMD: Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration, dAMD: Dry Age Related Macular Degeneration, S: Supplementation
{"title":"Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Surface Disease and Use of MDA and 4-HNE in Tears as Potential Markers","authors":"Neeta S. Roy, C. L. Simpson, P. Asbell","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2200108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2200108","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the possible use of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) as biomarkers in the tears for diagnosis, determining disease severity, and monitoring the effect of treatment for dry eye disease (DED), a disease which is highly prevalent and heterogeneous with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. The current diagnosis and classification of severity of DED is a mostly subjective process with no consistent objective markers of disease, so the identification of novel biomarkers could improve patient care as well as lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and discovery of new treatments. This review is the first to compare the results of studies of markers of oxidative stress MDA and 4-HNE in DED and other ocular diseases to more comprehensively explore the potential for the use of MDA and 4-HNE as biomarkers for DED. The role of oxidative stress in DED is reviewed and then the evidence of their association with DED and other ocular diseases. Overall, previous studies indicate a promising potential for the use of tear MDA and 4-HNE as biomarkers for DED that should be explored with further research. Abbreviations: MDA: Malondialdehyde, HNE: Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, DED: Dry Eye Disease, ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, L: Lipid Radical, LOO: Lipid Peroxy Radical, LOOH: Lipid Peroxidation Are Lipid Hydroperoxides, AA: Arachidonic Acid, TBA: Thiobarbituric Acid, HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, HCEC: Human Corneal Epithelial Cells, HEL: Hexanoyl-Lysine, GCD: Granular Corneal Dystrophy, CSCR: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy, SS: Sjögren Syndrome, PS: Pterostilbene, PACG: Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma, AKC: Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis, VF: Visual Field, KC: Keratoconus, wAMD: Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration, dAMD: Dry Age Related Macular Degeneration, S: Supplementation","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123910269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a case of 2-year-old boy who presented with painless right supraorbital swelling for 2 weeks. He had history of left humerus fracture and multiple scalp swelling. Examination revealed a hard, non-tender mass over right upper eye lid with downward placement of eye globe and limitation of extraocular muscle movement upon upward gaze. Systemic examination was unremarkable. MRI brain and orbit showed avid enhancing mass arising from right orbital roof. Histopathological examination of left humerus trucut biopsy revealed focal aggregation of histiocytes with scattered eosinophils. The diagnosis of LCH was further confirmed by positive CD1a and S100 protein staining on immunohistochemical studies. He was referred to oncology department for initiation of chemotherapy. Significant improvement was seen after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Keywords: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, supraorbital swelling
{"title":"Paediatric Supraorbital Mass: A Case of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis","authors":"Lim Chee Min","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2200103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2200103","url":null,"abstract":"This is a case of 2-year-old boy who presented with painless right supraorbital swelling for 2 weeks. He had history of left humerus fracture and multiple scalp swelling. Examination revealed a hard, non-tender mass over right upper eye lid with downward placement of eye globe and limitation of extraocular muscle movement upon upward gaze. Systemic examination was unremarkable. MRI brain and orbit showed avid enhancing mass arising from right orbital roof. Histopathological examination of left humerus trucut biopsy revealed focal aggregation of histiocytes with scattered eosinophils. The diagnosis of LCH was further confirmed by positive CD1a and S100 protein staining on immunohistochemical studies. He was referred to oncology department for initiation of chemotherapy. Significant improvement was seen after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Keywords: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, supraorbital swelling","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130848397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The healthy cornea is optically transparent tissue. Basically 3 features of the cornea provide its transparency: avascularity, constant water content and regular arrangement of collagen fibers. When the cornea loses its optically clear structure, it inevitably causes a decrease in visual acuity. Infection, inflammation, limbal stem cell deficiency, tumors and contact lens usage can cause corneal neovascularization. Disruption of the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors on the ocular surface plays a role in the pathogenesis of corneal vascularization. Most of the treatment options used in daily practice are effective when neovascular vessels are immature.
{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of Corneal Neovascularization: A Brief Review","authors":"Mukaddes Damla Ciftci and Ozlem Barut Selver","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2200106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2200106","url":null,"abstract":"The healthy cornea is optically transparent tissue. Basically 3 features of the cornea provide its transparency: avascularity, constant water content and regular arrangement of collagen fibers. When the cornea loses its optically clear structure, it inevitably causes a decrease in visual acuity. Infection, inflammation, limbal stem cell deficiency, tumors and contact lens usage can cause corneal neovascularization. Disruption of the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors on the ocular surface plays a role in the pathogenesis of corneal vascularization. Most of the treatment options used in daily practice are effective when neovascular vessels are immature.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116600935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability measurement of corneal stromal thickness, sub-basal nerve plexus (SBNP) and keratocyte cell density (KCD) in laser refractive surgery patients. Methods: 120 eyes of 60 participants were recruited and both right and left eyes of the myopic subjects were measured separately. Cornea stromal thickness were measured based on the cellular morphology that differs between each corneal layer. Measurement of SBNP and KCD were done using in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) using corneal stromal thickness as reference. Corneal nerve parameters measured includes nerve fiber density (NFD), nerve branch Density (NBD) and nerve fiber length (NFL) while KCD were measured based the amount per area, depending on the region of interest. All images were captured and processed using ImageJTM Software and NeuronJ. All data were expressed in mean and standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using Predictive analytics software. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance. Intra- and inter-observer intraclass correlation analysis were done to evaluate reliability of measurement in corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD. Results: This study found no significant difference between measurements for corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD measured. (All P > 0.05). Intraclass correlation analysis showed both intra- and inter-observer performance were approximately consistent and reliable (All r > 0.90, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Measurement of corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD using IVCM is valid and reliable.
摘要:本研究旨在评价激光屈光手术患者角膜基质厚度、基底下神经丛(SBNP)和角化细胞密度(KCD)测量的可靠性。方法:选取60名近视受试者120只眼，分别测量右眼和左眼。根据角膜各层细胞形态的不同来测定角膜间质厚度。以角膜基质厚度为参考，采用体内共聚焦显微镜(IVCM)测定SBNP和KCD。测量的角膜神经参数包括神经纤维密度(NFD)、神经分支密度(NBD)和神经纤维长度(NFL)，而KCD是根据每个区域的数量来测量的，具体取决于感兴趣的区域。使用ImageJTM软件和NeuronJ对所有图像进行采集和处理。所有数据均以均值和标准差表示。采用预测分析软件进行统计分析。P < 0.05为显著性水平。通过观察组内和观察组间的相关分析来评估角膜基质厚度、SBNP和KCD测量的可靠性。结果:角膜基质厚度、SBNP和KCD测量结果无显著性差异。(均P > 0.05)。类内相关分析显示，观察者内部和观察者之间的表现基本一致且可靠(均r > 0.90, P > 0.05)。结论:IVCM法测定角膜基质厚度、SBNP和KCD是有效可靠的。
{"title":"Validation of IVCM In Measuring Sub-Basal Nerve Plexus and Keratocyte Cell Density in Corneal Wound Healing","authors":"Mohd Radzi Bin Hilmi","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2200105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2200105","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability measurement of corneal stromal thickness, sub-basal nerve plexus (SBNP) and keratocyte cell density (KCD) in laser refractive surgery patients. Methods: 120 eyes of 60 participants were recruited and both right and left eyes of the myopic subjects were measured separately. Cornea stromal thickness were measured based on the cellular morphology that differs between each corneal layer. Measurement of SBNP and KCD were done using in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) using corneal stromal thickness as reference. Corneal nerve parameters measured includes nerve fiber density (NFD), nerve branch Density (NBD) and nerve fiber length (NFL) while KCD were measured based the amount per area, depending on the region of interest. All images were captured and processed using ImageJTM Software and NeuronJ. All data were expressed in mean and standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using Predictive analytics software. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance. Intra- and inter-observer intraclass correlation analysis were done to evaluate reliability of measurement in corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD. Results: This study found no significant difference between measurements for corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD measured. (All P > 0.05). Intraclass correlation analysis showed both intra- and inter-observer performance were approximately consistent and reliable (All r > 0.90, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Measurement of corneal stromal thickness, SBNP and KCD using IVCM is valid and reliable.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125060303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Blindness caused by mature cataract is reversible with timely cataract extraction surgery, however neglecting it could complicate with phacomorphic glaucoma. This study aims to investigate the psych socioeconomic determinants of phacomorphic glaucoma complicated and uncomplicated mature cataracts in Hong Kong. Participants and Methods: Retrospective review of cataract surgery records from 2013 - 2018 in a tertiary public emergency hospital’s ophthalmology unit in Hong Kong was done to identify phacomorphic glaucoma and uncomplicated mature cataract patients as case and control respectively. Data on demographics, psychiatric diseases, social and economic factors were extracted and analyzed. Results: 36 cases and 39 controls were included, with similar age (p = 0.73) and sex (p = 0.99). Presence of psychiatric diseases (p = 0.02) and absence of spouse (p = 0.008) were associated with phacomorphic glaucoma in univariate logistic regression analysis. Intention to private healthcare service usage (p = 0.002, p = 0.006) and living out of public rental housing (p = 0.002, p = 0.004) were associated with phacomorphic glaucoma in both the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Attention to screening of mature cataract before complication of phacomorphic glaucoma occurs should target the single elderly households, psychiatric patients, and the non-public housing population.
{"title":"Psychosocioeconomic Determinants of Complicated and Uncomplicated Mature Cataracts in Hong Kong","authors":"Sunny Chi Lik Au","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2200101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2200101","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Blindness caused by mature cataract is reversible with timely cataract extraction surgery, however neglecting it could complicate with phacomorphic glaucoma. This study aims to investigate the psych socioeconomic determinants of phacomorphic glaucoma complicated and uncomplicated mature cataracts in Hong Kong. Participants and Methods: Retrospective review of cataract surgery records from 2013 - 2018 in a tertiary public emergency hospital’s ophthalmology unit in Hong Kong was done to identify phacomorphic glaucoma and uncomplicated mature cataract patients as case and control respectively. Data on demographics, psychiatric diseases, social and economic factors were extracted and analyzed. Results: 36 cases and 39 controls were included, with similar age (p = 0.73) and sex (p = 0.99). Presence of psychiatric diseases (p = 0.02) and absence of spouse (p = 0.008) were associated with phacomorphic glaucoma in univariate logistic regression analysis. Intention to private healthcare service usage (p = 0.002, p = 0.006) and living out of public rental housing (p = 0.002, p = 0.004) were associated with phacomorphic glaucoma in both the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Attention to screening of mature cataract before complication of phacomorphic glaucoma occurs should target the single elderly households, psychiatric patients, and the non-public housing population.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114486038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of pterygium grading based on clinical translucence appearances and its reliability in clinical setting. Methods: A total of 93 primary pterygium eyes from 93 participants who visited a tertiary ophthalmic clinic were recruited in this study. Two (2) ophthalmologists and two (2) optometrists evaluated and graded the 93 primary pterygium images in randomized fashion. Graders were instructed to utilise the clinical translucence appearance of pterygium to grade them into type I, II and III. Repeatability testing was done by a single expert by comparing grading of each image on two separate sessions, with one month interval between sessions. Reproducibility was tested by comparing the grading obtained by both experts and optometrists. Results: Paired and independent T-test results showed no significance difference between graders for both experts and optometrists’ group (all P > 0.05). Intra-grader and inter-grader reliability estimates were high with intraclass correlation ranging from 0.97 to 0.98 for both groups. Conclusions: Pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance is reliable and repeatable in clinical setting, easily to be graded, interpreted, and recommended for clinicians with different levels of experience.
{"title":"Repeatability and Reproducibility of Pterygium Grading Based on Clinical Translucence Appearance","authors":"Mohd Radzi Hilmi","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2100102","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of pterygium grading based on clinical translucence appearances and its reliability in clinical setting. Methods: A total of 93 primary pterygium eyes from 93 participants who visited a tertiary ophthalmic clinic were recruited in this study. Two (2) ophthalmologists and two (2) optometrists evaluated and graded the 93 primary pterygium images in randomized fashion. Graders were instructed to utilise the clinical translucence appearance of pterygium to grade them into type I, II and III. Repeatability testing was done by a single expert by comparing grading of each image on two separate sessions, with one month interval between sessions. Reproducibility was tested by comparing the grading obtained by both experts and optometrists. Results: Paired and independent T-test results showed no significance difference between graders for both experts and optometrists’ group (all P > 0.05). Intra-grader and inter-grader reliability estimates were high with intraclass correlation ranging from 0.97 to 0.98 for both groups. Conclusions: Pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance is reliable and repeatable in clinical setting, easily to be graded, interpreted, and recommended for clinicians with different levels of experience.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124485507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Retinal degenerative diseases include inherited pathologies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and multifactorial diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD, a leading cause of blindness in the Western world, typically causes visual distortion and loss of central vision. In those affected, RP causes early-onset loss of night vision, followed by loss of peripheral vision and ultimately blindness. Due to the need for more effective treatments with the eventual goal of preventing blindness, researchers are investigating new potential targets and technologies to address these diseases. In a preclinical setting, various animal models are available for evaluation of investigational therapies, and investigational drugs and drug delivery methods have shown promise in both preclinical and subsequent clinical trials. Recent efforts include research into the role of inflammation in AMD and RP, and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in preventing or even reversing retinal damage. The aim of this manuscript is to review past and current works on models for these diseases, the inflammatory processes associated with them, and potential targets for pharmacotherapy as they relate to these progressive retinal dystrophies.
{"title":"Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Progressive Retinal Dystrophies","authors":"","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2100103","url":null,"abstract":"Retinal degenerative diseases include inherited pathologies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and multifactorial diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD, a leading cause of blindness in the Western world, typically causes visual distortion and loss of central vision. In those affected, RP causes early-onset loss of night vision, followed by loss of peripheral vision and ultimately blindness. Due to the need for more effective treatments with the eventual goal of preventing blindness, researchers are investigating new potential targets and technologies to address these diseases. In a preclinical setting, various animal models are available for evaluation of investigational therapies, and investigational drugs and drug delivery methods have shown promise in both preclinical and subsequent clinical trials. Recent efforts include research into the role of inflammation in AMD and RP, and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in preventing or even reversing retinal damage. The aim of this manuscript is to review past and current works on models for these diseases, the inflammatory processes associated with them, and potential targets for pharmacotherapy as they relate to these progressive retinal dystrophies.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115746819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Pterygium is commonly subjectively evaluated via anterior segment assessments during slit-lamp examination. Thus, this assessment prones individual variations as it requires subjective grading and adequate experience to ensure consistency of diagnosis and management. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the reliability of subjectively graded real-image pterygium based on its translucence appearance between experienced clinicians. Design of study: Prospective randomized study. Materials and methods: Thirty (30) primary pterygium images from 30 pterygium patients were captured in a standardized magnification, illumination and formatting setting as previously de-scribed. All images were projected using PowerPoint presentation™ on a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with standard resolution. Two clinicians with different levels of experiences act as a grader and grade all images based on reference images provided. For reliability testing, intra-grader assessment was repeated twice with different sequences at least a month apart between each session. Both clinicians were given a set of 30 randomized pterygium images for all sessions. Reliability testing was evaluated using paired T-test and independent T-test. Results: Descriptive analysis revealed observer 1 obtained mean grade of 2.19 (SD = 0.670) and 2.23 (SD = 0.713) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Observer 2 obtained 2.04 (SD = 0.853) and 2.08 (SD = 0.894) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Paired T-test showed the difference for both observers in both sessions were not statistically significant (P = 0.776 and P = 0.583) respectively. Reproducibility testing using Independent T-test results showed the difference between observers was not statistically significant (P = 0.275). Subjectively graded pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance was repeatable and reproducible. Conclusion: These findings could serve as a basis for future work on to evaluate performance of pterygium clinical grading based on its morphology with different levels of experience and larger number of samples.
{"title":"Reliability analysis of subjectively graded real-image pterygium based on its translucence appearance between young and experi-enced clinicians","authors":"Mohd Radzi Hilmi","doi":"10.54289/jorvc2100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54289/jorvc2100101","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pterygium is commonly subjectively evaluated via anterior segment assessments during slit-lamp examination. Thus, this assessment prones individual variations as it requires subjective grading and adequate experience to ensure consistency of diagnosis and management. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the reliability of subjectively graded real-image pterygium based on its translucence appearance between experienced clinicians. Design of study: Prospective randomized study. Materials and methods: Thirty (30) primary pterygium images from 30 pterygium patients were captured in a standardized magnification, illumination and formatting setting as previously de-scribed. All images were projected using PowerPoint presentation™ on a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with standard resolution. Two clinicians with different levels of experiences act as a grader and grade all images based on reference images provided. For reliability testing, intra-grader assessment was repeated twice with different sequences at least a month apart between each session. Both clinicians were given a set of 30 randomized pterygium images for all sessions. Reliability testing was evaluated using paired T-test and independent T-test. Results: Descriptive analysis revealed observer 1 obtained mean grade of 2.19 (SD = 0.670) and 2.23 (SD = 0.713) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Observer 2 obtained 2.04 (SD = 0.853) and 2.08 (SD = 0.894) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Paired T-test showed the difference for both observers in both sessions were not statistically significant (P = 0.776 and P = 0.583) respectively. Reproducibility testing using Independent T-test results showed the difference between observers was not statistically significant (P = 0.275). Subjectively graded pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance was repeatable and reproducible. Conclusion: These findings could serve as a basis for future work on to evaluate performance of pterygium clinical grading based on its morphology with different levels of experience and larger number of samples.","PeriodicalId":271832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ophthalmic Research and Vision Care","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116559417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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