During the ethnohistoric period, the Kucadɨkadɨ (Mono Lake Paiute) regularly made journeys from the Mono Basin to Yosemite Valley to collect acorns. Archaeological evidence indicates that this practice pre-dates the time of Euro-American contact. It is unclear, however, whether these journeys were undertaken primarily for social or economic reasons. We evaluate the hypothesis that long-distance acorn transport was a viable subsistence strategy in the Mono Basin by comparing it to competing subsistence strategies. We do this by introducing a new model for examining resource transport. Using data gleaned from the ethnographic and experimental literature, we employ a Monte Carlo simulation to approximate the probability distribution of the return rates of transporting basket loads of various resources to a hypothetical winter camp in the Mono Basin. Our analysis indicates that long-distance acorn transport is a viable subsistence strategy that produces better mean return rates than collecting small seeds within the Mono Basin. Though pinyon pine nuts and Pandora moth caterpillars produce the highest return rates, these resources are not available every year and cannot be collected in enormous quantities. Acorns may have buffered against subsistence shortfall during the winter and allowed the Kucadɨkadɨ to permanently settle in the Mono Basin.
在民族历史时期，kuad æ kad æ(莫诺湖派尤特人)定期从莫诺盆地到约塞米蒂山谷收集橡子。考古证据表明，这种做法早于欧美接触的时间。然而，尚不清楚这些旅行是否主要是出于社会或经济原因。通过与竞争生存策略的比较，我们评估了远距离橡子运输在Mono盆地是一种可行的生存策略。为了做到这一点，我们引入了一个新的模型来检查资源运输。利用从民族志和实验文献中收集的数据，我们采用蒙特卡罗模拟来近似估计将各种资源的篮子载荷运送到Mono盆地一个假设的冬令营的概率分布。我们的分析表明，长途橡子运输是一种可行的生存策略，比在Mono盆地内收集小种子产生更好的平均回报率。虽然小松果和潘多拉蛾毛虫的回收率最高，但这些资源不是每年都有，也不能大量收集。橡子可能缓解了冬季的生存短缺，并允许库卡德人永久定居在莫诺盆地。
{"title":"Bringing it all back home","authors":"Carly S Whelan, Edward A. Roualdes","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.32","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the ethnohistoric period, the Kucadɨkadɨ (Mono Lake Paiute) regularly made journeys from the Mono Basin to Yosemite Valley to collect acorns. Archaeological evidence indicates that this practice pre-dates the time of Euro-American contact. It is unclear, however, whether these journeys were undertaken primarily for social or economic reasons. We evaluate the hypothesis that long-distance acorn transport was a viable subsistence strategy in the Mono Basin by comparing it to competing subsistence strategies. We do this by introducing a new model for examining resource transport. Using data gleaned from the ethnographic and experimental literature, we employ a Monte Carlo simulation to approximate the probability distribution of the return rates of transporting basket loads of various resources to a hypothetical winter camp in the Mono Basin. Our analysis indicates that long-distance acorn transport is a viable subsistence strategy that produces better mean return rates than collecting small seeds within the Mono Basin. Though pinyon pine nuts and Pandora moth caterpillars produce the highest return rates, these resources are not available every year and cannot be collected in enormous quantities. Acorns may have buffered against subsistence shortfall during the winter and allowed the Kucadɨkadɨ to permanently settle in the Mono Basin.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121689361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hunter-gatherer archaeology in California and the Great Basin","authors":"Christopher Morgan, Carly S Whelan","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124679868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firewood management is a key component of hunter-gatherer subsistence. the costs of time and labour required to gather firewood can affect labour allocation, social organisation, foodways and settlement patterns. An important factor in understanding the costs of fuel gathering is the availability of wood, the most common source of fuel, on the landscape. this study uses survey and time trials to quantify fuel availability and gathering time of a single day’s firewood in an unexploited environment in a northern California blue oak grassland. the study found that the available wood fuel in a central place territory would be consumed in under a year. this suggests that changes in the lifeways of prehistoric California hunter-gatherers may have in part been influenced by the need for fuel management.
{"title":"The cost of firewood","authors":"K. Crawford","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.31","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Firewood management is a key component of hunter-gatherer subsistence. the costs of time and labour required to gather firewood can affect labour allocation, social organisation, foodways and settlement patterns. An important factor in understanding the costs of fuel gathering is the availability of wood, the most common source of fuel, on the landscape. this study uses survey and time trials to quantify fuel availability and gathering time of a single day’s firewood in an unexploited environment in a northern California blue oak grassland. the study found that the available wood fuel in a central place territory would be consumed in under a year. this suggests that changes in the lifeways of prehistoric California hunter-gatherers may have in part been influenced by the need for fuel management.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hares (Lepus spp) have been common residents of Great Basin valley bottoms and piedmonts throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Although their skeletal remains often dominate regional zooarchaeological collections and ethnographic records across the American West detail the importance of Lepus to native peoples, many studies of human subsistence productivity consider these mammals to be a low-ranked resource. We critique some methodological constructs and interpretations of the prey choice model and compare the abundances of hares and artiodactyls in regional archaeological sites to maintain that hares represented a multidimensional resource that often comprised the core of the diet. Beyond nutritional returns, they provided people with hunting implements and life-saving warmth, and cooperative drives helped establish familial and sociopolitical bonds. Ethnographic documentation and the abundance of hare remains in regional sites indicate they were likely always an integral part of lifeways rather than an inefficient resource targeted only when purportedly high-ranked prey resources were unavailable.
{"title":"The incredible edible hare","authors":"D. Schmitt, K. Lupo, D. Madsen","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.28","url":null,"abstract":"Hares (Lepus spp) have been common residents of Great Basin valley bottoms and piedmonts throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Although their skeletal remains often dominate regional zooarchaeological collections and ethnographic records across the American West detail the importance of Lepus to native peoples, many studies of human subsistence productivity consider these mammals to be a low-ranked resource. We critique some methodological constructs and interpretations of the prey choice model and compare the abundances of hares and artiodactyls in regional archaeological sites to maintain that hares represented a multidimensional resource that often comprised the core of the diet. Beyond nutritional returns, they provided people with hunting implements and life-saving warmth, and cooperative drives helped establish familial and sociopolitical bonds. Ethnographic documentation and the abundance of hare remains in regional sites indicate they were likely always an integral part of lifeways rather than an inefficient resource targeted only when purportedly high-ranked prey resources were unavailable.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123357847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study generates a comprehensive database of archaeological resources to evaluate Late Prehistoric (c 1500-150 cal BP) settlement and land use behaviours in the Kern River watershed of the far southern Sierra Nevada, California. These behaviours are evaluated using a habitat suitability model that relates the spatial distribution of critical subsistence resources present within the study area to suitability. Determining the habitat distribution operating in the Kern River watershed during the Late Prehistoric period is difficult using the model developed here. Settlement and land use behaviours trend towards a free distribution when evaluating all archaeological data associated with the Late Prehistoric period, but the results trend towards a despotic distribution when only incorporating lower elevation sites typically associated with more intensive residential activities. While it is difficult to identify these patterns using the model developed here, it is possible to identify several preferred areas within the study area. Preferred areas in the Kern River watershed are generally located in ecotonal habitats which contain less access to staple resources than peripheral habitats reflecting traditional Californian or Great Basin ecosystems. A settlement and land use strategy focused on ecotonal habitats at the core of the territory promotes territorial maintenance in several ways including creating a physical and social buffer against potential competitors, maintaining access to two staple resource bases and promoting long-term territorial stability among numerous ethnolinguistic populations. These results have implications for our understanding of the range of territorial behaviours practised by foraging groups, particularly low population density groups like the Tubatulabal.
本研究建立了一个全面的考古资源数据库，用于评估加州内华达山脉南部克恩河流域的晚史前(约1500-150 cal BP)定居和土地利用行为。使用栖息地适宜性模型对这些行为进行评估，该模型将研究区域内存在的关键生存资源的空间分布与适宜性联系起来。本文所建立的模型难以确定史前晚期克恩河流域的栖息地分布。当评估与晚史前时期相关的所有考古数据时，定居和土地利用行为倾向于自由分布，但当仅纳入通常与更密集的居住活动相关的低海拔遗址时，结果倾向于专制分布。虽然使用这里开发的模型很难确定这些模式，但是可以确定研究区域内的几个首选区域。克恩河流域的首选区域通常位于生态栖息地，与反映传统加州或大盆地生态系统的周边栖息地相比，这些栖息地对主要资源的获取较少。以领土核心的生态栖息地为重点的定居和土地利用战略，从几个方面促进了领土的维护，包括建立一个对抗潜在竞争对手的物理和社会缓冲，保持对两个主要资源基地的访问，并促进众多民族语言人口的长期领土稳定。这些结果对我们理解觅食群体，特别是像Tubatulabal这样的低人口密度群体的领土行为范围具有启示意义。
{"title":"Core-periphery dynamics in the Kern River watershed","authors":"D. C. Harvey","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.33","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study generates a comprehensive database of archaeological resources to evaluate Late Prehistoric (c 1500-150 cal BP) settlement and land use behaviours in the Kern River watershed of the far southern Sierra Nevada, California. These behaviours are evaluated using a habitat suitability model that relates the spatial distribution of critical subsistence resources present within the study area to suitability. Determining the habitat distribution operating in the Kern River watershed during the Late Prehistoric period is difficult using the model developed here. Settlement and land use behaviours trend towards a free distribution when evaluating all archaeological data associated with the Late Prehistoric period, but the results trend towards a despotic distribution when only incorporating lower elevation sites typically associated with more intensive residential activities. While it is difficult to identify these patterns using the model developed here, it is possible to identify several preferred areas within the study area. Preferred areas in the Kern River watershed are generally located in ecotonal habitats which contain less access to staple resources than peripheral habitats reflecting traditional Californian or Great Basin ecosystems. A settlement and land use strategy focused on ecotonal habitats at the core of the territory promotes territorial maintenance in several ways including creating a physical and social buffer against potential competitors, maintaining access to two staple resource bases and promoting long-term territorial stability among numerous ethnolinguistic populations. These results have implications for our understanding of the range of territorial behaviours practised by foraging groups, particularly low population density groups like the Tubatulabal.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115643074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the various categories of ground stone technology in pre-colonial California, the mortar has a celebrated role in the shift to a subsistence economy dominated by acorn processing and consumption. The size and shape of mortars, both bedrock and portable, facilitated pulverising and grinding of these and other resources. It seems logical, therefore, to assume that larger mortar cavities, within certain limits, would be more productive than smaller ones. The experiment presented here was designed and conducted to test this hypothesis; it aims to determine whether increasing the depth and width of a mortar cavity improves acorn flour production. The potential application of these data to a technological investment model are discussed, emphasising future research goals and comparison with similar studies.
{"title":"When mortars speak volumes","authors":"Kyle Palazzolo","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.30","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Among the various categories of ground stone technology in pre-colonial California, the mortar has a celebrated role in the shift to a subsistence economy dominated by acorn processing and consumption. The size and shape of mortars, both bedrock and portable, facilitated pulverising and grinding of these and other resources. It seems logical, therefore, to assume that larger mortar cavities, within certain limits, would be more productive than smaller ones. The experiment presented here was designed and conducted to test this hypothesis; it aims to determine whether increasing the depth and width of a mortar cavity improves acorn flour production. The potential application of these data to a technological investment model are discussed, emphasising future research goals and comparison with similar studies.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129329135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research evaluates the association of ethnographically derived demographic and sociocultural variables with a large sample of communal, landscapescale hunting features (drivelines, corrals and traps) from across the Great Basin; it does so in an attempt to identify the sociocultural contexts that may have encouraged or discouraged people to cooperate rather than compete or operate individually. Results indicate that communal hunting was associated with moderate population densities and with greater degrees of ritual and some forms of property ownership, but not with greater degrees of leadership or territoriality. The implications of this work are that high population densities and entrenched leadership positions are not necessarily required for large-scale cooperative efforts and that territoriality may have retarded cooperation at the scales required to elicit large-scale group effort, at least in regions with relatively low population densities. It also appears that ritual may have played a role in generating the coherence necessary for cooperation among oftentimes far-flung, autonomous families and that privatising communal hunting features was necessary to underwrite the technological investment entailed by making and using these features.
{"title":"An evaluation of demographic and sociocultural factors affiliated with cooperative artiodactyl hunting in the prehistoric Great Basin, USA","authors":"Kari Sprengeler, Christopher Morgan","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.29","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This research evaluates the association of ethnographically derived demographic and sociocultural variables with a large sample of communal, landscapescale hunting features (drivelines, corrals and traps) from across the Great Basin; it does so in an attempt to identify the sociocultural contexts that may have encouraged or discouraged people to cooperate rather than compete or operate individually. Results indicate that communal hunting was associated with moderate population densities and with greater degrees of ritual and some forms of property ownership, but not with greater degrees of leadership or territoriality. The implications of this work are that high population densities and entrenched leadership positions are not necessarily required for large-scale cooperative efforts and that territoriality may have retarded cooperation at the scales required to elicit large-scale group effort, at least in regions with relatively low population densities. It also appears that ritual may have played a role in generating the coherence necessary for cooperation among oftentimes far-flung, autonomous families and that privatising communal hunting features was necessary to underwrite the technological investment entailed by making and using these features.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127305153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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