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The Immune System of Mesothelioma Patients: A Window of Opportunity for Novel Immunotherapies 间皮瘤患者的免疫系统:新免疫疗法的机会之窗
Pub Date : 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.98617
F. Nicolini, M. Mazza
The interplay between the immune system and the pleural mesothelium is crucial both for the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and for the response of MPM patients to therapy. MPM is heavily infiltrated by several immune cell types which affect the progression of the disease. The presence of organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) witness the attempt to fight the disease in situ by adaptive immunity which is often suppressed by tumor expressed factors. In rare patients physiological, pharmacological or vaccine-induced immune response is efficient, rendering their plasma a valuable resource of anti-tumor immune cells and molecules. Of particular interest are human antibodies targeting antigens at the tumor cell surface. Here we review current knowledge regarding MPM immune infiltration, MPM immunotherapy and the harnessing of this response to identify novel biologics as biomarkers and therapeutics through innovative screening strategies.
免疫系统和胸膜间皮层之间的相互作用对于恶性胸膜间皮瘤(MPM)的发展和MPM患者对治疗的反应都是至关重要的。MPM被几种影响疾病进展的免疫细胞严重浸润。有组织的三级淋巴结构(TLSs)的存在见证了适应性免疫在原位对抗疾病的尝试,而适应性免疫通常被肿瘤表达因子抑制。在少数患者中,生理性、药理学或疫苗诱导的免疫反应是有效的,使他们的血浆成为抗肿瘤免疫细胞和分子的宝贵资源。特别令人感兴趣的是针对肿瘤细胞表面抗原的人抗体。在这里,我们回顾了目前关于MPM免疫浸润,MPM免疫治疗和利用这种反应,通过创新的筛选策略识别新的生物制剂作为生物标志物和治疗药物的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Surgical Treatment of Wounds Using Stem Cells in Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) 大疱性表皮松解症(EB)干细胞的外科治疗
Pub Date : 2021-04-23 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.97036
M. Nita, J. Pliszczyński, A. Eljaszewicz, M. Moniuszko, T. Oldak, K. Woźniak, S. Majewski, C. Kowalewski, A. Kamiński, D. Šladowski, Z. Zimek, M. Kosieradzki, P. Fiedor
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of hereditary skin diseases, or genodermatoses, characterized by the formation of severe, chronic blisters with painful and life-threatening complications. Despite the previous and ongoing progress in the field, there are still no effective causative treatments for EB. The treatment is limited to relieving symptoms, which—depending on disease severity—may involve skin (blisters, poorly healing wounds caused by the slightest mechanical stimuli, contractures, scarring, pseudosyndactyly) and internal organ abnormalities (esophageal, pyloric, or duodenal atresia; renal failure; and hematopoietic abnormalities). The last decade saw a series of important discoveries that paved the way for new treatment methods, including gene therapy, bone marrow transplantation, cell therapy (allogenic fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs], and clinical use of induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue engineering experts are attempting to develop skin-like structures that can facilitate the process of healing to promote skin reconstruction in injuries that are currently incurable. However, this is incredibly challenging, due to the complex structure and the many functions of the skin. Below, we characterize EB and present its potential treatment methods. Despite the cure for EB being still out of reach, recent data from animal models and initial clinical trials in humans have raised patients’, clinicians’, and researchers’ expectations. Consequently, modifying the course of the disease and improving the quality of life have become possible. Moreover, the conclusions drawn based on EB treatment may considerably improve the treatment of other genetic diseases.
大疱性表皮松解症(EB)是一组遗传性皮肤病或遗传性皮肤病,其特征是形成严重的慢性水疱,伴有疼痛和危及生命的并发症。尽管该领域过去和现在都取得了进展,但仍然没有有效的EB病因治疗方法。治疗仅限于缓解症状,根据疾病的严重程度,症状可能涉及皮肤(水疱,由最轻微的机械刺激引起的愈合不良的伤口,挛缩,瘢痕形成,假性并指)和内脏器官异常(食管,幽门或十二指肠闭锁;肾功能衰竭;以及造血异常)。在过去的十年中,一系列重要的发现为新的治疗方法铺平了道路,包括基因治疗、骨髓移植、细胞治疗(同种异体成纤维细胞、间充质干细胞[MSCs])和诱导多能干细胞的临床应用。组织工程专家正试图开发类似皮肤的结构,以促进愈合过程,促进目前无法治愈的伤口的皮肤重建。然而,由于皮肤的复杂结构和许多功能,这是非常具有挑战性的。下面,我们将描述EB的特征并介绍其潜在的治疗方法。尽管EB的治愈仍然遥不可及,但最近来自动物模型和人类初步临床试验的数据提高了患者、临床医生和研究人员的期望。因此,改变病程和改善生活质量已成为可能。此外,基于EB治疗得出的结论可能会大大改善其他遗传疾病的治疗。
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引用次数: 4
Felty’s Syndrome 毡状的综合征
Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.97080
V. Gorodetskiy
Felty’s syndrome (FS) is an uncommon subset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complicated by neutropenia with or without splenomegaly. The pathogenesis of neutropenia in FS is still not fully understood, but it is believed that the principal cause is neutrophil survival defect. Autoantibodies against peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 deiminated histones, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 antigen may contribute to neutropenia development in FS patients. Splenic histology in FS shows non-specific findings and spleen size do not correlate with neutropenia. Cases of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia with low tumor burden in blood and concomitant RA are clinically indistinguishable from FS and present a diagnostic challenge. Examination of T-cell clonality, mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene, and the number of large granular lymphocytes in the blood can establish a correct diagnosis. Optimal approaches to therapy for FS have not been developed, but the use of rituximab seems promising. In this chapter, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for FS are discussed.
费尔蒂综合征(FS)是血清阳性类风湿性关节炎(RA)合并中性粒细胞减少伴或不伴脾肿大的一种罕见亚群。FS中性粒细胞减少的发病机制尚不完全清楚,但认为主要原因是中性粒细胞生存缺陷。针对肽精氨酸脱亚胺酶4型脱亚胺组蛋白、葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶和真核延伸因子1A-1抗原的自身抗体可能有助于FS患者中性粒细胞减少症的发展。FS的脾组织学显示非特异性表现,脾脏大小与中性粒细胞减少症无关。血液中肿瘤负荷低的t细胞大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病并伴有RA的病例在临床上与FS难以区分,并提出了诊断挑战。检查t细胞的克隆性、信号换能器和转录激活子3基因的突变以及血液中大颗粒淋巴细胞的数量可以建立正确的诊断。治疗FS的最佳方法尚未开发,但使用利妥昔单抗似乎很有希望。本章就FS的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、鉴别诊断及治疗方案进行讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Childhood Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, Prognostic Factors, and Therapeutic Approaches 儿童朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症:流行病学、临床表现、预后因素和治疗方法
Pub Date : 2021-03-12 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96543
Katharina Sterlich, M. Minkov
Childhood LCH is a rare disease, affecting 4–9 per 1,000,000 children below the age of 15 years. It is driven by somatic mutations in the MAPK pathway, arising in myeloid marrow progenitors. Both genders are affected by a slight male preponderance. The clinical spectrum of LCH varies from a single lesion affecting one organ system to severe multisystem disease with dysfunction of vital organs. Likewise, variable and unpredictable is its course, spanning from self-limiting course to progression with lethal outcome. Recognized unfavorable prognostic factors are the involvement of hematopoiesis, liver, and spleen, as well as non-response to systemic treatment. Recent studies suggest that patients carrying the BRAFV600E mutation may have a more severe clinical phenotype and less favorable prognosis. The combination of prednisolone and vinblastine is the standard first-line treatment for disseminated disease. Second-line options used in clinical practice are not well evidenced. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway are a promising alternative option.
儿童LCH是一种罕见的疾病,每100万15岁以下儿童中有4-9人患病。它是由髓系骨髓祖细胞中MAPK通路的体细胞突变驱动的。两性都有轻微的男性优势。LCH的临床表现从单一损害影响一个器官系统到严重的多系统疾病并伴有重要器官功能障碍不等。同样地,它的过程是可变和不可预测的,从自我限制的过程到具有致命结果的进展。已知的不利预后因素包括造血、肝脏和脾脏受累,以及对全身治疗无反应。最近的研究表明,携带BRAFV600E突变的患者可能具有更严重的临床表型和较差的预后。强的松龙联合长春碱是播散性疾病的标准一线治疗。在临床实践中使用的二线方案并没有得到很好的证明。MAPK通路的抑制剂是一个有希望的替代选择。
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引用次数: 6
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Rare Diseases [Working Title]
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