Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90779
Klaudia Freire
Biophotonics technologies can be designed to provide unique, dynamic information about tissue structure and biochemical composition. Their impact spans from medical diagnostic and therapeutic devices to consumer-based wearable sensors. With advances in device miniaturization and high-performance biophotonics com-ponents, the line between conventional medical instruments and consumer devices is becoming increasingly blurred. Health care economic pressures are further accelerating this ambiguity by shifting clinical attention from expensive disease treatments to strategies for cost-effective disease management and prevention. This clinical research collaboration introduces emerging biophotonics technologies that are capable of characterizing brain tissue structure and biochemical composition spanning from micro to macroscopic regimes.
{"title":"Biophotonics in Africa Powered by Light Technology Applied to Medical Work","authors":"Klaudia Freire","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90779","url":null,"abstract":"Biophotonics technologies can be designed to provide unique, dynamic information about tissue structure and biochemical composition. Their impact spans from medical diagnostic and therapeutic devices to consumer-based wearable sensors. With advances in device miniaturization and high-performance biophotonics com-ponents, the line between conventional medical instruments and consumer devices is becoming increasingly blurred. Health care economic pressures are further accelerating this ambiguity by shifting clinical attention from expensive disease treatments to strategies for cost-effective disease management and prevention. This clinical research collaboration introduces emerging biophotonics technologies that are capable of characterizing brain tissue structure and biochemical composition spanning from micro to macroscopic regimes.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127960720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90535
J. Martı́nez
With the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and subsequently with the atomic force microscope (AFM), the human being was able to enter in the nanoscale world. At first, these devices were only used for imaging samples, but with a small modification of its electronics, they can be used for a precise and controlled manipulation of the scanning probe, creating different types of nanolithographed motifs. The development of this type of lithography has allowed the manufacture of nanometric-scale structures that have led spectacular advances in the field of nanotechnology. In this book chapter, we present the most innovative and reliable probe nanolithography techniques. All of them are based on the spatial confinement of a chemical reaction within a nanometric size region of the sample surface. In that way, 2D or even 3D nanostructures can be fabricated. The full potential of probe nanolithography techniques is demonstrated by showing a range of applications such as the controlled deposition of molecules with high precision or nanotransistors that can be used as sensors for biorecognition processes.
{"title":"Nanolithography by Scanning Probes for Biorecognition","authors":"J. Martı́nez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90535","url":null,"abstract":"With the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and subsequently with the atomic force microscope (AFM), the human being was able to enter in the nanoscale world. At first, these devices were only used for imaging samples, but with a small modification of its electronics, they can be used for a precise and controlled manipulation of the scanning probe, creating different types of nanolithographed motifs. The development of this type of lithography has allowed the manufacture of nanometric-scale structures that have led spectacular advances in the field of nanotechnology. In this book chapter, we present the most innovative and reliable probe nanolithography techniques. All of them are based on the spatial confinement of a chemical reaction within a nanometric size region of the sample surface. In that way, 2D or even 3D nanostructures can be fabricated. The full potential of probe nanolithography techniques is demonstrated by showing a range of applications such as the controlled deposition of molecules with high precision or nanotransistors that can be used as sensors for biorecognition processes.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126558232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89855
S. Voldman
Electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrical overstress (EOS), and latchup have been an issue in devices, circuit and systems for VLSI microelectronics for many decades and continue to be an issue till today. In this chapter, the issue of ESD, EOS and latchup will be discussed. This chapter will address some of the fundamental reasons decisions that are made for choice of circuits and layout. Many publications do not explain why certain choices are made, and we will address these in this chapter. Physical models, failure mechanisms and design solutions will be highlighted. The chapter will close with discussion on how to provide both EOS and ESD robust devices, circuits, and systems, design practices and procedures. EOS sources also occur from design characteristics of devices, circuits, and systems.
{"title":"Electrostatic Discharge, Electrical Overstress, and Latchup in VLSI Microelectronics","authors":"S. Voldman","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.89855","url":null,"abstract":"Electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrical overstress (EOS), and latchup have been an issue in devices, circuit and systems for VLSI microelectronics for many decades and continue to be an issue till today. In this chapter, the issue of ESD, EOS and latchup will be discussed. This chapter will address some of the fundamental reasons decisions that are made for choice of circuits and layout. Many publications do not explain why certain choices are made, and we will address these in this chapter. Physical models, failure mechanisms and design solutions will be highlighted. The chapter will close with discussion on how to provide both EOS and ESD robust devices, circuits, and systems, design practices and procedures. EOS sources also occur from design characteristics of devices, circuits, and systems.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132228618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88794
R. Aradhya, Madhu Bilugali Mahadevaswamy, Poornima
In the solar photo voltaic (PV) module, encapsulant material provides the environmental protection, insulation, optical absorption, besides serving as a good adhesive between solar cell and components of PV module for improving the efficiency. It is desired to develop an improved encapsulating material by incorporating the light absorbing inorganic nanofillers in thermoplastic polymers. One such matrix material is poly ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA), finding its importance in solar materials, such as PV modules and agricultural greenhouse polymer sheets. Inorganic nanofillers have the potential to transmit necessary radiance in the UV spectra, which can improve the PV panel efficiency. In this study, the optimum effect of inorganic fillers such as organically modified montmorillonite clay (OMMT) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) anatase in PEVA matrix is observed. The fabricated nanocomposite films were etched from the glass mold. The morphology and miscibility of fabricated nanocomposite films were analyzed and investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), UV-Vis absorption (UV-Vis), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The dielectric properties of the fabricated hybrid nanocomposite films were analyzed for its insulation behavior. The thermal behavior was studied using Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The hybrid nanocomposite with 5.0 weight percentage (wt.%) OMMT and 5.0 weight percentage (wt.%) of TiO 2 indicates lowest dielectric constant of 2.4 and marginal increase in dissipation factor with respect to frequency. Increased thermal stability, glass transition temperature, high transmittance and optimum UV-shielding efficiency were found with the same wt.% in the proposed work.
{"title":"Development and Characterization of Poly Ethylene-Co-Vinyl Acetate (PEVA) Hybrid Nanocomposite Encapsulates for Solar PV","authors":"R. Aradhya, Madhu Bilugali Mahadevaswamy, Poornima","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88794","url":null,"abstract":"In the solar photo voltaic (PV) module, encapsulant material provides the environmental protection, insulation, optical absorption, besides serving as a good adhesive between solar cell and components of PV module for improving the efficiency. It is desired to develop an improved encapsulating material by incorporating the light absorbing inorganic nanofillers in thermoplastic polymers. One such matrix material is poly ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA), finding its importance in solar materials, such as PV modules and agricultural greenhouse polymer sheets. Inorganic nanofillers have the potential to transmit necessary radiance in the UV spectra, which can improve the PV panel efficiency. In this study, the optimum effect of inorganic fillers such as organically modified montmorillonite clay (OMMT) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) anatase in PEVA matrix is observed. The fabricated nanocomposite films were etched from the glass mold. The morphology and miscibility of fabricated nanocomposite films were analyzed and investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), UV-Vis absorption (UV-Vis), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The dielectric properties of the fabricated hybrid nanocomposite films were analyzed for its insulation behavior. The thermal behavior was studied using Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The hybrid nanocomposite with 5.0 weight percentage (wt.%) OMMT and 5.0 weight percentage (wt.%) of TiO 2 indicates lowest dielectric constant of 2.4 and marginal increase in dissipation factor with respect to frequency. Increased thermal stability, glass transition temperature, high transmittance and optimum UV-shielding efficiency were found with the same wt.% in the proposed work.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"12 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121004741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86105
Selvakumar Varadarajan Subramani, S. Selvakumar, S. Lakshminarayanan
Structural aspects, such as grain size, pore size, and crack-free film morphology, of porous silicon (PS), etc., play a vital role in the sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This chapter discusses a novel method for sensing of VOCs using porous silicon coated with a layer of ZnO (PS-ZnO). It was noted that the sensing ability of the PS sensor has increased due to the transconductance mechanism, as a result of the coating of ZnO over PS. Initially, porous silicon is formed by electrochemical wet etching of silicon and by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), ZnO is coated over porous silicon. An increase in the selectivity is due to the increase in surface-to-volume ratio and uniformity in the pore structures. The thickness of ZnO layer can be tuned up to 25 nm by applying a DC voltage between the copper electrode and the conductive silicon substrate immersed in a suspension of ZnO quantum dots. The influence of quantum dot concentration on the final layer thickness was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The change in resistance for ethanol was found to be 12.8–16 MΩ and 8–16 MΩ for methanol.
{"title":"A Novel Sensing Method for VOCs Using Nanoparticle-Coated Nanoporous Silicon","authors":"Selvakumar Varadarajan Subramani, S. Selvakumar, S. Lakshminarayanan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86105","url":null,"abstract":"Structural aspects, such as grain size, pore size, and crack-free film morphology, of porous silicon (PS), etc., play a vital role in the sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This chapter discusses a novel method for sensing of VOCs using porous silicon coated with a layer of ZnO (PS-ZnO). It was noted that the sensing ability of the PS sensor has increased due to the transconductance mechanism, as a result of the coating of ZnO over PS. Initially, porous silicon is formed by electrochemical wet etching of silicon and by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), ZnO is coated over porous silicon. An increase in the selectivity is due to the increase in surface-to-volume ratio and uniformity in the pore structures. The thickness of ZnO layer can be tuned up to 25 nm by applying a DC voltage between the copper electrode and the conductive silicon substrate immersed in a suspension of ZnO quantum dots. The influence of quantum dot concentration on the final layer thickness was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The change in resistance for ethanol was found to be 12.8–16 MΩ and 8–16 MΩ for methanol.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132680091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86031
Z. Gong, Yuchao Li
Three-dimensional optical manipulation of microparticles, cells, and biomolecules in a noncontact and noninvasive manner is crucial for biophotonic, nanophotonic, and biomedical fields. Optical tweezers, as a standard optical manipulation technique, have some limitations in precise manipulation of micro-objects in microfluidics and in vivo because of their bulky lens system and limited penetration depth. Moreover, when applied for trapping nanoscale objects, especially with sizes smaller than 100 nm, the strength of optical tweezers becomes significantly weak due to the diffraction limit of light. The emerging near-field methods, such as plasmon tweezers and photonic crystal resonators, have enabled surpassing of the diffraction limit. However, these methods msay lead to local heating effects that will damage the biological specimens and reduce the trapping stability. Furthermore, the available near-field techniques rely on complex nanostructures fixed on substrates, which are usually used for 2D manipulation. The optical tweezers are of great potential for the applications including nanostructure assembly, cancer cell sorting, targeted drug delivery, single-molecule studies, and biosensing.
{"title":"Optical Tweezers in Biotechnology","authors":"Z. Gong, Yuchao Li","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86031","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional optical manipulation of microparticles, cells, and biomolecules in a noncontact and noninvasive manner is crucial for biophotonic, nanophotonic, and biomedical fields. Optical tweezers, as a standard optical manipulation technique, have some limitations in precise manipulation of micro-objects in microfluidics and in vivo because of their bulky lens system and limited penetration depth. Moreover, when applied for trapping nanoscale objects, especially with sizes smaller than 100 nm, the strength of optical tweezers becomes significantly weak due to the diffraction limit of light. The emerging near-field methods, such as plasmon tweezers and photonic crystal resonators, have enabled surpassing of the diffraction limit. However, these methods msay lead to local heating effects that will damage the biological specimens and reduce the trapping stability. Furthermore, the available near-field techniques rely on complex nanostructures fixed on substrates, which are usually used for 2D manipulation. The optical tweezers are of great potential for the applications including nanostructure assembly, cancer cell sorting, targeted drug delivery, single-molecule studies, and biosensing.","PeriodicalId":273403,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Micro - and Nanotechnologies","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123546886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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