Nanotechnology is a field of research dealing with synthesis, strategy and manipulation of structures from approximately 1 to 100 nm in size. Metal nanoparticles (NPs), especially silver nanoparticles, have received attention for their extensive applications in the biomedical and physicochemical fields (Singh et al. 2016). Metal nanoparticles are synthesized by physical, chemical and biological methods (Zhang et al. 2016). In physical methods, nanoparticles are prepared by evaporation-condensation using a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure, while in reduction and other types of chemical synthesis, three main components such as metal precursors, reducing agents and stabilizing/capping agents are used. Moreover, the reduction of silver ions includes nucleation and subsequent growth (Deepak et al. 2011). Both physical and chemical techniques involve the use of a high amount of energy or hazardous reagents, which are disadvantages of these approaches (Ahmed et al. 2016). Green synthesis explores the biological pathway and resources such as plant extracts, algae, yeasts, fungi and bacteria for bioproduction of nanoparticles. Thus, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles offers an interesting alternative to chemical synthesis as it is regarded as safe, cost-effective, sustainable and environment-friendly (Chokriwal et al. 2014, Singh et al. 2016). The biological agents secrete a huge number of enzymes, which are able to hydrolyze metals and thus bring about enzymatic reduction of metals ions (Chokriwal et al. 2014, Gahlawat and Choudhury 2019). Researchers suggest that nanoparticles are synthesized when the microorganisms grab target ions from their environment and turn the metal ions into the element metal through enzymes (Li et al. 2011). Nanoparticles synthesized by biological approach are coated and stabilized by natural molecules such as amino acids, proteins or secondary metabolites, which are released from cells of organisms performing this process (Narasimha et al. 2013, Gurunathan 101et al. 2014, Gahlawat and Choudhury 2019). Capping proteins attach to the surface of nanoparticles through free amino groups or cysteine residues, which consequently prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles and preserves their properties (Sanjenbam et al. 2014).
纳米技术是一个研究领域，涉及从大约1到100纳米大小的结构的合成、策略和操作。金属纳米颗粒(NPs)，特别是银纳米颗粒，因其在生物医学和物理化学领域的广泛应用而受到关注(Singh etal . 2016)。金属纳米颗粒通过物理、化学和生物方法合成(Zhang etal . 2016)。在物理方法中，纳米颗粒是在常压下使用管式炉通过蒸发-冷凝制备的，而在还原和其他类型的化学合成中，使用三种主要成分，如金属前体，还原剂和稳定/封盖剂。此外，银离子的还原包括成核和随后的生长(Deepak et al. 2011)。物理和化学技术都涉及使用大量能量或危险试剂，这是这些方法的缺点(Ahmed et al. 2016)。绿色合成探索生物途径和资源，如植物提取物、藻类、酵母、真菌和细菌等生物生产纳米颗粒。因此，纳米颗粒的生物合成提供了一种有趣的替代化学合成的方法，因为它被认为是安全的、具有成本效益的、可持续的和环境友好的(Chokriwal et al. 2014, Singh et al. 2016)。生物制剂分泌大量酶，这些酶能够水解金属，从而导致金属离子的酶还原(Chokriwal etal . 2014, Gahlawat and Choudhury 2019)。研究人员认为，当微生物从环境中捕获目标离子，并通过酶将金属离子转化为金属元素时，就会合成纳米颗粒(Li etal . 2011)。通过生物方法合成的纳米颗粒被天然分子(如氨基酸、蛋白质或次级代谢物)包裹并稳定，这些天然分子从执行该过程的生物体的细胞中释放出来(Narasimha等人，2013,gurunathan101等人，2014,Gahlawat和Choudhury 2019)。封盖蛋白通过游离氨基或半胱氨酸残基附着在纳米颗粒表面，从而阻止纳米颗粒聚集并保持其特性(Sanjenbam et al. 2014)。
{"title":"Mechanism of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles","authors":"M. Wypij, P. Golińska","doi":"10.4324/9780429276330-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276330-6","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is a field of research dealing with synthesis, strategy and manipulation of structures from approximately 1 to 100 nm in size. Metal nanoparticles (NPs), especially silver nanoparticles, have received attention for their extensive applications in the biomedical and physicochemical fields (Singh et al. 2016). Metal nanoparticles are synthesized by physical, chemical and biological methods (Zhang et al. 2016). In physical methods, nanoparticles are prepared by evaporation-condensation using a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure, while in reduction and other types of chemical synthesis, three main components such as metal precursors, reducing agents and stabilizing/capping agents are used. Moreover, the reduction of silver ions includes nucleation and subsequent growth (Deepak et al. 2011). Both physical and chemical techniques involve the use of a high amount of energy or hazardous reagents, which are disadvantages of these approaches (Ahmed et al. 2016). Green synthesis explores the biological pathway and resources such as plant extracts, algae, yeasts, fungi and bacteria for bioproduction of nanoparticles. Thus, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles offers an interesting alternative to chemical synthesis as it is regarded as safe, cost-effective, sustainable and environment-friendly (Chokriwal et al. 2014, Singh et al. 2016). The biological agents secrete a huge number of enzymes, which are able to hydrolyze metals and thus bring about enzymatic reduction of metals ions (Chokriwal et al. 2014, Gahlawat and Choudhury 2019). Researchers suggest that nanoparticles are synthesized when the microorganisms grab target ions from their environment and turn the metal ions into the element metal through enzymes (Li et al. 2011). Nanoparticles synthesized by biological approach are coated and stabilized by natural molecules such as amino acids, proteins or secondary metabolites, which are released from cells of organisms performing this process (Narasimha et al. 2013, Gurunathan\u0000101et al. 2014, Gahlawat and Choudhury 2019). Capping proteins attach to the surface of nanoparticles through free amino groups or cysteine residues, which consequently prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles and preserves their properties (Sanjenbam et al. 2014).","PeriodicalId":273475,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Nanotechnology","volume":"26 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116046425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of material such that it gains certain unique properties not exhibited by its bulk counterparts. Nanomaterials are materials whose components are in the size range of 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles possess unique physical and chemical properties that are dependent on their size, shape, structure, and stability. Owing to characteristics not exhibited by the bulk material, nanoparticles have emerged as a novel drug molecule. They are suitable for catalysis, bio-sensing, medical imaging, remediation, agriculture, drug delivery, healthcare, and many other multi-disciplinary applications. They have been extensively used in these fields because of their high stability, solubility, biocompatibility and therapeutic properties (Khan et al. 2017, Jeevanandam et al. 2018). Different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are being employed in cosmetic formulations, textile industries, and medical and pharmaceutical applications.
纳米技术是对材料的操纵，使其获得某些独特的特性，而这些特性是其大块材料所不具备的。纳米材料是指其成分尺寸在1 ~ 100nm之间的材料。纳米粒子具有独特的物理和化学性质，这取决于它们的大小、形状、结构和稳定性。纳米颗粒由于具有块状材料所不具备的特性，成为一种新型的药物分子。它们适用于催化、生物传感、医学成像、修复、农业、药物输送、医疗保健和许多其他多学科应用。由于其高稳定性、溶解度、生物相容性和治疗特性，它们已广泛应用于这些领域(Khan et al. 2017, Jeevanandam et al. 2018)。不同的金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子被用于化妆品配方、纺织工业以及医疗和制药应用。
{"title":"Microbe-mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Biomedical Applications","authors":"H. Agarwal, A. Nakara, S. Menon, V. Shanmugam","doi":"10.4324/9780429276330-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276330-9","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is the manipulation of material such that it gains certain unique properties not exhibited by its bulk counterparts. Nanomaterials are materials whose components are in the size range of 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles possess unique physical and chemical properties that are dependent on their size, shape, structure, and stability. Owing to characteristics not exhibited by the bulk material, nanoparticles have emerged as a novel drug molecule. They are suitable for catalysis, bio-sensing, medical imaging, remediation, agriculture, drug delivery, healthcare, and many other multi-disciplinary applications. They have been extensively used in these fields because of their high stability, solubility, biocompatibility and therapeutic properties (Khan et al. 2017, Jeevanandam et al. 2018). Different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are being employed in cosmetic formulations, textile industries, and medical and pharmaceutical applications.","PeriodicalId":273475,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116962289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toxic Metal Removal Using Microbial Nanotechnology","authors":"Sougata Ghosh","doi":"10.4324/9780429276330-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276330-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273475,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Nanotechnology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123405839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomineralization of Mine Sediments for Synthesis of Iron-Based Nanomaterials","authors":"A. Banerjee, Abhilash, B. D. Pandey, Y. Gurevich","doi":"10.4324/9780429276330-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276330-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273475,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Nanotechnology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128221389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Using Seaweed Bioresources","authors":"Govindaraju Kasivelu, Tamilselvan Selvaraj","doi":"10.4324/9780429276330-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429276330-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":273475,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Nanotechnology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127976627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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