Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00011
L. Meeus
{"title":"Structure of this book","authors":"L. Meeus","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"369 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116545964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00012
{"title":"How to trade and transport electricity across national borders?","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123996465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00013
L. Meeus
From a political perspective, the integration of electricity markets followed three main steps, with increasing levels of detail: European treaties, EU legislative energy packages and more detailed market rules that have been developed in the process of creating EU electricity network codes and guidelines. First are the European treaties. The aim to create a common market to eliminate trade barriers between Member States dates back to the founding Treaty of Rome in 1957. Twenty-nine years later, the Single European Act of 1986 was adopted as the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome. It paved the way for what was to become one of the main achievements of the European project: the Single European Act required the adoption of measures with the aim of establishing an internal market by 31 December 1992.1 Later that year, the Council (1986) adopted energy policy objectives for the European Community, among which was that of ‘greater integration, free from barriers to trade, of the internal energy market with a view to improving security of supply, reducing costs and improving economic competitiveness’. In 1988, the Commission of the European Communities published the first document on the internal energy market, which assessed that there were still considerable barriers to trade in energy products within the Community (EC 1988). On 1 January 1993, the European Single Market became a reality for the 12 Member States at that time. However, integrating the energy sector into the European Single Market alongside other goods proved lengthier and more complex than had originally been anticipated. The year 1993 turned out to be only the starting point of a long, and still ongoing, process to build an EU internal market for electricity, as we will show in this book. One reason was the legacy structure of the energy sector and the non-existence of markets at the national level. Up to the mid-1990s, the electricity sector was still dominated by state-owned or state-controlled vertically integrated utilities with regional or national monopolies. Cross-border trade was limited due to a lack of infrastructure and rules to organize this trade.
从政治角度来看，电力市场的整合遵循了三个主要步骤，详细程度越来越高:欧洲条约，欧盟立法能源一揽子计划，以及在创建欧盟电力网络代码和指导方针的过程中制定的更详细的市场规则。首先是欧洲条约。建立一个共同市场以消除成员国之间的贸易壁垒的目标可以追溯到1957年的《罗马条约》。29年后，1986年通过了《单一欧洲法案》，这是对《罗马条约》的第一次重大修订。它为后来欧洲计划的主要成就之一铺平了道路:《单一欧洲法》要求采取措施，以期在1992年12月31日之前建立一个内部市场。同年晚些时候，理事会(1986年)为欧洲共同体通过了能源政策目标，其中包括“内部能源市场在没有贸易壁垒的情况下更加一体化，以期改善供应安全、降低成本和提高经济竞争力”。1988年，欧洲共同体委员会发表了关于内部能源市场的第一份文件，其中评估说，在欧洲共同体内部能源产品的贸易仍然存在相当大的障碍(欧洲共同体1988年)。1993年1月1日，欧洲单一市场成为当时12个成员国的现实。然而，事实证明，将能源部门与其他商品一起纳入欧洲单一市场(European Single Market)比最初预期的时间更长，也更复杂。事实证明，1993年只是建立欧盟内部电力市场这一漫长且仍在进行的过程的起点，我们将在本书中说明这一点。原因之一是能源部门的传统结构和国家层面不存在市场。直到上世纪90年代中期，电力行业仍由国有或国有控股的垂直一体化公用事业公司主导，这些公司具有地区或国家垄断地位。由于缺乏组织这种贸易的基础设施和规则，跨境贸易受到限制。
{"title":"Why did we start with electricity markets in Europe?","authors":"L. Meeus","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00013","url":null,"abstract":"From a political perspective, the integration of electricity markets followed three main steps, with increasing levels of detail: European treaties, EU legislative energy packages and more detailed market rules that have been developed in the process of creating EU electricity network codes and guidelines. First are the European treaties. The aim to create a common market to eliminate trade barriers between Member States dates back to the founding Treaty of Rome in 1957. Twenty-nine years later, the Single European Act of 1986 was adopted as the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome. It paved the way for what was to become one of the main achievements of the European project: the Single European Act required the adoption of measures with the aim of establishing an internal market by 31 December 1992.1 Later that year, the Council (1986) adopted energy policy objectives for the European Community, among which was that of ‘greater integration, free from barriers to trade, of the internal energy market with a view to improving security of supply, reducing costs and improving economic competitiveness’. In 1988, the Commission of the European Communities published the first document on the internal energy market, which assessed that there were still considerable barriers to trade in energy products within the Community (EC 1988). On 1 January 1993, the European Single Market became a reality for the 12 Member States at that time. However, integrating the energy sector into the European Single Market alongside other goods proved lengthier and more complex than had originally been anticipated. The year 1993 turned out to be only the starting point of a long, and still ongoing, process to build an EU internal market for electricity, as we will show in this book. One reason was the legacy structure of the energy sector and the non-existence of markets at the national level. Up to the mid-1990s, the electricity sector was still dominated by state-owned or state-controlled vertically integrated utilities with regional or national monopolies. Cross-border trade was limited due to a lack of infrastructure and rules to organize this trade.","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116924322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00023
Leonardo Meeus
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Leonardo Meeus","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126326622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00021
L. Meeus
{"title":"How to put the citizen at the centre of the energy transition?","authors":"L. Meeus","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117115937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00009
{"title":"List of abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126722819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00017
{"title":"How to combine electricity trade with system security to keep the lights on?","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"588-589 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125565797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781789905472.00018
L. Meeus, Valerie Reif
In this section, we first explain why primary, secondary and tertiary control have been renamed as the frequency containment, frequency restoration and reserve replacement processes. We then discuss in more detail how the balance responsibility between system operators is shared in each of these three processes. We also refer to a clock incident that illustrates the fragility of the shared responsibility.
{"title":"Who is responsible for balancing the system?","authors":"L. Meeus, Valerie Reif","doi":"10.4337/9781789905472.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789905472.00018","url":null,"abstract":"In this section, we first explain why primary, secondary and tertiary control have been renamed as the frequency containment, frequency restoration and reserve replacement processes. We then discuss in more detail how the balance responsibility between system operators is shared in each of these three processes. We also refer to a clock incident that illustrates the fragility of the shared responsibility.","PeriodicalId":276743,"journal":{"name":"The Evolution of Electricity Markets in Europe","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129315153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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