Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages最新文献

英文中文

The Beginnings of the Order in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 十三和十四世纪骑士团的起源

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_003

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Conclusion 结论

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_014

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Fishponds 鱼塘

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_009

引用次数: 0

Forest Management 森林管理

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_005

引用次数: 83

Vineyards 葡萄园

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_007

引用次数: 1

Other Income 其他收入

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_011

John S. Phillips

引用次数: 1

Mills 米尔斯

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_008

Sarah Banas

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Salt as Income 盐作为收入

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_012

引用次数: 0

Mortgage, Hypothec, Trade 抵押、质押、交易

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/9789004424760_013

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Townhouses 联排别墅

Pauline Economy in the Middle Ages

Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0047

Jeffrey E. Klee

For as long as there have been towns, there have been townhouses. However, the modern study of the townhouse as a distinctive architectural type has largely focused on the relatively recent past, from the mid-17th to the mid-19th centuries, a long era of urbanization throughout Europe and North America. In this era, the attached townhouse, sometimes referred to as a rowhouse, sometimes as a terraced house, became ubiquitous as intensive speculative development remade Western cities with street after street of high-density, multistory attached housing. Note that “townhouse” is used here to denote the broad range of housing that is sited in cities, whereas “rowhouse” is a particular subset of townhouse that shares its party walls with its neighbors and is most often built speculatively, in rows of three or more at a time. “Brownstone” is a further sub-category of the rowhouse, one that is built of masonry and most closely associated with New York City in the middle decades of the 19th century. Two principal problems have animated the scholarship on this period: first, identifying the range of options available to urban householders at the outset; and second, defining the causes of a widespread shift to a more regular streetscape and a smaller number of plan forms over the 18th and 19th centuries. In the Anglo-Atlantic world, this process is referred to as “Georgianization.” Despite the relative abundance of surviving housing in this period compared to earlier eras, there have been catastrophic losses: from fire, the depredations of war, and urban development policy. London has fallen victim to all three. Students of townhouses at the beginning of this period and earlier must therefore look to other disciplines, principally archaeology, for relevant literature, though some information about medieval housing is available in the sources collected here. Similarly, those interested in multifamily urban housing of the late 19th and 20th centuries, such as tenements and public housing, should consult sources in urban history and planning. Though the townhouse is commonplace in Western cities, this form has not received the same level of scholarly attention as other building types, such as churches, country houses, or farmhouses. The townhouse has seemed too cosmopolitan for the folklorists associated with vernacular architecture studies, while, at the same time, it is too commonplace and too uniform to warrant the attention of scholars of polite architecture. This pattern holds especially true for continental Europe, where there is very little English-language scholarship on urban housing, even in cities with significant inventories of premodern buildings like Amsterdam, Bruges, and the towns of the Hanseatic League. That said, a relatively rich literature is available on the cities of the English-speaking Atlantic world, especially in the Georgian era. Housing in London, Philadelphia, Bristol, and Boston is increasingly well documented thanks to long-sta

只要有城镇，就有联排别墅。然而，对联排别墅作为一种独特建筑类型的现代研究主要集中在相对较近的过去，从17世纪中期到19世纪中期，这是整个欧洲和北美城市化的漫长时代。在这个时代，联排别墅，有时被称为排屋，有时被称为排屋，变得无处不在，因为密集的投机开发重塑了西方城市，高密度的多层联排住宅一条街道接着一条街道。请注意，“联排别墅”在这里指的是城市中广泛的住房，而“联排别墅”是联排别墅的一个特定子集，它与邻居共享其聚会墙，并且通常是投机性建造的，一次建造三排或更多排。“褐石屋”(Brownstone)是排屋的另一个子类，它是用砖石建造的，与19世纪中期的纽约市联系最为密切。两个主要问题激发了这一时期的学术研究:首先，在一开始就确定城市住户可选择的范围;其次，定义了18世纪和19世纪向更规则的街道景观和更少数量的规划形式的广泛转变的原因。在英大西洋地区，这一过程被称为“格鲁吉亚化”。尽管与早期相比，这一时期幸存的住房相对较多，但也有灾难性的损失:火灾、战争的掠夺和城市发展政策。伦敦已成为这三者的牺牲品。因此，研究这一时期和更早时期联排别墅的学生必须从其他学科(主要是考古学)中寻找相关文献，尽管在这里收集的资料中可以找到一些关于中世纪房屋的信息。同样，那些对19世纪末和20世纪的城市多户住宅(如廉租房和公共住房)感兴趣的人，应该查阅城市历史和规划方面的资料。虽然联排别墅在西方城市中很常见，但这种形式并没有像其他建筑类型(如教堂、乡村住宅或农舍)那样受到同等程度的学术关注。对于研究本土建筑的民俗学家来说，联排别墅似乎太国际化了，而与此同时，它又太普通、太统一，无法引起研究文明建筑的学者的注意。这种模式在欧洲大陆尤其适用，那里很少有关于城市住房的英语学术研究，即使在阿姆斯特丹、布鲁日和汉萨同盟的城镇等拥有大量前现代建筑的城市也是如此。也就是说，关于大西洋英语世界的城市，尤其是格鲁吉亚时代的城市，有相对丰富的文献。伦敦、费城、布里斯托尔和波士顿的住房记录越来越好，这要归功于长期以来的调查和历史研究。城市住房的建设实践和开发过程也是如此，特别是在伦敦及其郊区的投机性排中。与城市住宅密切相关的个人建筑师的作品也得到了很好的研究，比如罗伯特·亚当和约翰·纳什。

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