A large share of the world’s population is employed in manual labor. This paper estimates the effect of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) on purely physical tasks analyzing half a million amateur track and field competition results, a setting that allows excluding productivity effects through the cog- nitive channel. Exploiting the panel nature of the data and high dimensional fixed effects, I find that a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM 2.5 reduces performance by 1% of a standard deviation. The effect grows with the duration of effort, indicating that occupations requiring low-intensity and sustained effort may be more affected by air pollution than occupations requiring occasional short but intense bursts of energy.
{"title":"You Can’t Run from Air Pollution: The Effect of Fine Particulate Matter on Physical Tasks","authors":"F. Granella","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3893692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3893692","url":null,"abstract":"A large share of the world’s population is employed in manual labor. This paper estimates the effect of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) on purely physical tasks analyzing half a million amateur track and field competition results, a setting that allows excluding productivity effects through the cog- nitive channel. Exploiting the panel nature of the data and high dimensional fixed effects, I find that a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM 2.5 reduces performance by 1% of a standard deviation. The effect grows with the duration of effort, indicating that occupations requiring low-intensity and sustained effort may be more affected by air pollution than occupations requiring occasional short but intense bursts of energy.","PeriodicalId":287325,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Other Food Sustainability & Security (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125254100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farmer field days (FFDs) are a tool used to transfer knowledge about new technologies from trained farmers to others in their communities. However, studies show mixed results for the effectiveness of FFDs for information diffusion. We conducted experimental auctions for agricultural inputs with a random sample of individuals from villages that held farmer-led FFDs for organic inputs. Our model and empirical results show soil heterogeneity causes uncertainty of the appropriateness of organic inputs on farmers’ own land. This leads to negative impacts of attendance at FFD on willingness to pay compared to non-attendees, and suggests limitations of farmer-led FFD in some contexts.
{"title":"Show and Tell: Farmer Field Days and Learning about Inputs with Heterogeneous Yield Effects","authors":"David M. A. Murphy, D. Roobroeck, David R. Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3493420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3493420","url":null,"abstract":"Farmer field days (FFDs) are a tool used to transfer knowledge about new technologies from trained farmers to others in their communities. However, studies show mixed results for the effectiveness of FFDs for information diffusion. We conducted experimental auctions for agricultural inputs with a random sample of individuals from villages that held farmer-led FFDs for organic inputs. Our model and empirical results show soil heterogeneity causes uncertainty of the appropriateness of organic inputs on farmers’ own land. This leads to negative impacts of attendance at FFD on willingness to pay compared to non-attendees, and suggests limitations of farmer-led FFD in some contexts.","PeriodicalId":287325,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Other Food Sustainability & Security (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122204172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turkish Abstract: Bu çalışma, gelişme politikaları içerisinde tarımın dönüşümünün iktisadi yönünü analiz etmek amacındadır. Bu amaçla, tarımın ihmal edilmiş olmasının sorunların çözümlenmesiyle beraber potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi durumunda 21. yy’da Türk ekonomisinin atılımının tarım odaklı bir kalkınma ile mümkün olacağı iddiasını temel almaktadır. Bu iddianın üç temel dayanağı vardır: 1. Özelikle 1980’den sonra ihmal edilen sektör olan tarımın potansiyeli yüksektir. Bu sebeple, tarımdaki gelişme Türk ekonomisinin atılımını sağlayacaktır. 2. Dünya nüfusunun çok artığı, açlığın yayıldığı, temiz gıda sorunlarının yaşandığı ve alternatif enerji kaynaklarının arandığı 21.yy’da tarım yeniden ülkelerin kalkınmasında stratejik sektördür. 3.Dünyada sürdürülebilir büyüme tarım sektörüne bağlıdır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin rekabetçi bir tarım sektörüne sahip olması durumunda, ekonomik gücü artabileceğini analiz etmektedir. English Abstract: This study aimed to analysis the economic side of agriculture’s transformation in development politics. In addition to, when agriculture’s problems of Turkey solved and using its potential, the study does claimed that Turkey development must be focus on agricultural. There are three underlying the assertion: 1) the agriculture ignored sector is high the potential. It can be provide to exploit of Turkey economics; 2) the agriculture is a strategic sector in the age which is crowded the population, expanded the starvation, run out of the clean nutriment and searched alternatives energy resources; 3) Sustainable growth in the world depends on the agricultural sector. As a result of this study, Turkey’s having a competitiveness agricultural sector, analyzes could increase economic power.
{"title":"Tarım Bir İnkılap Bekliyor! Rekabetçi Türk Tarım Politikasının İktisadi Temelleri (The Agriculture Expects a Revolution the Economic Fundamentals of the Competitiveness Turkish Agriculture Politics)","authors":"Mustafa Yildiran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3229467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3229467","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Turkish Abstract:</b> Bu çalışma, gelişme politikaları içerisinde tarımın dönüşümünün iktisadi yönünü analiz etmek amacındadır. Bu amaçla, tarımın ihmal edilmiş olmasının sorunların çözümlenmesiyle beraber potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi durumunda 21. yy’da Türk ekonomisinin atılımının tarım odaklı bir kalkınma ile mümkün olacağı iddiasını temel almaktadır. Bu iddianın üç temel dayanağı vardır: 1. Özelikle 1980’den sonra ihmal edilen sektör olan tarımın potansiyeli yüksektir. Bu sebeple, tarımdaki gelişme Türk ekonomisinin atılımını sağlayacaktır. 2. Dünya nüfusunun çok artığı, açlığın yayıldığı, temiz gıda sorunlarının yaşandığı ve alternatif enerji kaynaklarının arandığı 21.yy’da tarım yeniden ülkelerin kalkınmasında stratejik sektördür. 3.Dünyada sürdürülebilir büyüme tarım sektörüne bağlıdır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin rekabetçi bir tarım sektörüne sahip olması durumunda, ekonomik gücü artabileceğini analiz etmektedir. <b>English Abstract:</b> This study aimed to analysis the economic side of agriculture’s transformation in development politics. In addition to, when agriculture’s problems of Turkey solved and using its potential, the study does claimed that Turkey development must be focus on agricultural. There are three underlying the assertion: 1) the agriculture ignored sector is high the potential. It can be provide to exploit of Turkey economics; 2) the agriculture is a strategic sector in the age which is crowded the population, expanded the starvation, run out of the clean nutriment and searched alternatives energy resources; 3) Sustainable growth in the world depends on the agricultural sector. As a result of this study, Turkey’s having a competitiveness agricultural sector, analyzes could increase economic power.","PeriodicalId":287325,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Other Food Sustainability & Security (Topic)","volume":"48 30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124219226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With growing awareness of the dangers of an irreversible loss of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), there has been a major effort devoted to collecting and conserving plant genetic resources. The objective of this study is to assess the level of investments in PGRFA conservation in different countries and their efficiency. Few studies of the costs and efficiency of gene banks and other methods of conservation exist so far. This study finds that the order of magnitude of domestic expenditures on the conservation of PGRFA by 37 countries amounts to approximately US $475 million for the year 1995. The efficiency of PGRFA conservation varies widely between countries. While a more comprehensive and thorough efficiency analysis of the countries’ conservation efforts is called for, the approach taken here does draw attention to practical solutions to the ongoing political discussions on the sharing of benefits and costs of PGRFA conservation and utilisation.
{"title":"Spending on Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: How Much and How Efficient?","authors":"D. Virchow","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3321747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3321747","url":null,"abstract":"With growing awareness of the dangers of an irreversible loss of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), there has been a major effort devoted to collecting and conserving plant genetic resources. The objective of this study is to assess the level of investments in PGRFA conservation in different countries and their efficiency. Few studies of the costs and efficiency of gene banks and other methods of conservation exist so far. This study finds that the order of magnitude of domestic expenditures on the conservation of PGRFA by 37 countries amounts to approximately US $475 million for the year 1995. The efficiency of PGRFA conservation varies widely between countries. While a more comprehensive and thorough efficiency analysis of the countries’ conservation efforts is called for, the approach taken here does draw attention to practical solutions to the ongoing political discussions on the sharing of benefits and costs of PGRFA conservation and utilisation.","PeriodicalId":287325,"journal":{"name":"FoodSciRN: Other Food Sustainability & Security (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130778725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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