Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1108/jes-06-2021-0288
Yselle Flora Kuete Malah, S. Asongu
PurposeThe paper explores the dark side of economic openness by examining empirically the nexus between the globalization process and human trafficking. Specifically, it is about showing in a global perspective how the growing process of free movement of people, goods, capital, services and information technology make the globe a connected web of activity for the sale and exploitation of human beings.Design/methodology/approachAfter discussing some transmission channels through which globalization could increase this practice based on the lessons from the literature, an empirical analysis is done by employing ordinary least squares (OLS) and Probit regressions on a cross-sectional model covering 130 countries worldwide.FindingsFindings, robust to the consideration of the sub-regional specificities and controlling for social, cultural and historical factors, suggest that globalization, particularly financial and cultural, favors human trafficking. In the light of these results, some policy recommendations are discussed.Originality/valueThis study complements the extant literature by assessing dynamics of globalization in human trafficking.
{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of Human Trafficking in an Era of Globalization","authors":"Yselle Flora Kuete Malah, S. Asongu","doi":"10.1108/jes-06-2021-0288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2021-0288","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe paper explores the dark side of economic openness by examining empirically the nexus between the globalization process and human trafficking. Specifically, it is about showing in a global perspective how the growing process of free movement of people, goods, capital, services and information technology make the globe a connected web of activity for the sale and exploitation of human beings.Design/methodology/approachAfter discussing some transmission channels through which globalization could increase this practice based on the lessons from the literature, an empirical analysis is done by employing ordinary least squares (OLS) and Probit regressions on a cross-sectional model covering 130 countries worldwide.FindingsFindings, robust to the consideration of the sub-regional specificities and controlling for social, cultural and historical factors, suggest that globalization, particularly financial and cultural, favors human trafficking. In the light of these results, some policy recommendations are discussed.Originality/valueThis study complements the extant literature by assessing dynamics of globalization in human trafficking.","PeriodicalId":287606,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127453314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.21428/cb6ab371.dfc84123
Jon B. Gould, Victoria M. Smiegocki, R. Leo
Over the last twenty years, the scholarly field of erroneous convictions has skyrocketed, with multiple articles and books exploring the failures that convict the innocent. However, there has been comparatively little attention to the other side of the coin, failed prosecutions, when the criminal justice system falls short in convicting the likely perpetrator. In this article, we take up failed prosecutions, simultaneously seeking to define its breadth and explain its relation to erroneous convictions. We explore potential hypotheses for the existence of failed prosecutions and then compare those theories to a set of failed prosecutions compiled from a moderately-sized district attorney’s office. With almost no prior research on failed prosecutions, these empirical data help to put meat on the theoretical bones of the concept. In the end, we argue that failed prosecutions and erroneous convictions may be seen as different sides of the same coin of miscarriages of justice. Not only do both reflect significant errors by the criminal justice system, but the sources behind each also appear to be surprisingly similar.
{"title":"Theorizing Failed Prosecutions","authors":"Jon B. Gould, Victoria M. Smiegocki, R. Leo","doi":"10.21428/cb6ab371.dfc84123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.dfc84123","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last twenty years, the scholarly field of erroneous convictions has skyrocketed, with multiple articles and books exploring the failures that convict the innocent. However, there has been comparatively little attention to the other side of the coin, failed prosecutions, when the criminal justice system falls short in convicting the likely perpetrator. In this article, we take up failed prosecutions, simultaneously seeking to define its breadth and explain its relation to erroneous convictions. We explore potential hypotheses for the existence of failed prosecutions and then compare those theories to a set of failed prosecutions compiled from a moderately-sized district attorney’s office. With almost no prior research on failed prosecutions, these empirical data help to put meat on the theoretical bones of the concept. In the end, we argue that failed prosecutions and erroneous convictions may be seen as different sides of the same coin of miscarriages of justice. Not only do both reflect significant errors by the criminal justice system, but the sources behind each also appear to be surprisingly similar.","PeriodicalId":287606,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125023337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the negative impacts of corporate political connections on firm outcomes. Employing 20 years of mass shootings, I find that when mass shootings take place, companies that primarily support gun-rights politicians experience negative stock price reactions and worse operating performance. Depending on the number of fatalities in a mass shooting, one-week cumulative abnormal returns are about 1% to 2.5% lower for these firms. The operating performance of these firms also shows a substantial decline after mass shootings. The decline lasts for at least one year. After mass shootings, firms significantly reduce corporate political donations to gun-rights politicians. Further tests suggest that damage to corporate reputations rather than loss of corporate political connections to gun-rights politicians explain the findings.
{"title":"Downsides of Corporate Political Connections: Evidence from Mass Shootings","authors":"Song Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3446083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3446083","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the negative impacts of corporate political connections on firm outcomes. Employing 20 years of mass shootings, I find that when mass shootings take place, companies that primarily support gun-rights politicians experience negative stock price reactions and worse operating performance. Depending on the number of fatalities in a mass shooting, one-week cumulative abnormal returns are about 1% to 2.5% lower for these firms. The operating performance of these firms also shows a substantial decline after mass shootings. The decline lasts for at least one year. After mass shootings, firms significantly reduce corporate political donations to gun-rights politicians. Further tests suggest that damage to corporate reputations rather than loss of corporate political connections to gun-rights politicians explain the findings.","PeriodicalId":287606,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Topic)","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123569198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we examine anti-foreigner hate crime in the wake of the large influx of asylum seekers to Germany in 2014 and 2015. By exploiting the quasi-experimental assignment of asylum seekers to German regions, we estimate the causal effect of an unexpected and sudden change in the share of the foreign-born population on anti-foreigner hate crime. Our county-level analysis shows that not simply the size of regional asylum seeker inflows drives the increase in hate crime, but the rapid compositional change of the residential population: Areas with previously low shares of foreign-born inhabitants that face large-scale immigration of asylum seekers witness the strongest upsurge in hate crime. Economically deprived regions and regions with a legacy of anti-foreigner hate crimes are also found to be prone to hate crime against refugees. However, when we explicitly control for East-West German differences, the predominance of native-born residents at the local level stands out as the single most important factor explaining the sudden increase in hate crime.
{"title":"Refugees Welcome? Understanding the Regional Heterogeneity of Anti-Foreigner Hate Crimes in Germany","authors":"H. Entorf, Martin Lange","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3343191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3343191","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we examine anti-foreigner hate crime in the wake of the large influx of asylum seekers to Germany in 2014 and 2015. By exploiting the quasi-experimental assignment of asylum seekers to German regions, we estimate the causal effect of an unexpected and sudden change in the share of the foreign-born population on anti-foreigner hate crime. Our county-level analysis shows that not simply the size of regional asylum seeker inflows drives the increase in hate crime, but the rapid compositional change of the residential population: Areas with previously low shares of foreign-born inhabitants that face large-scale immigration of asylum seekers witness the strongest upsurge in hate crime. Economically deprived regions and regions with a legacy of anti-foreigner hate crimes are also found to be prone to hate crime against refugees. However, when we explicitly control for East-West German differences, the predominance of native-born residents at the local level stands out as the single most important factor explaining the sudden increase in hate crime.","PeriodicalId":287606,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125329414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two-thirds of those released from prison in the United States will be re-arrested within three years, creating an incarceration cycle that is detrimental to individuals, families, and communities. There is tremendous public interest in ending this cycle, and public policies can help or hinder the reintegration of those released from jail and prison. This review summarizes the rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of programs that aim to improve the reintegration and rehabilitation of the formerly-incarcerated. While there is a need for much more research on this topic, the existing evidence provides some useful guidance for decision-makers. The importance of evaluating existing and new strategies is also discussed.
{"title":"Strategies to Productively Reincorporate the Formerly-Incarcerated into Communities: A Review of the Literature","authors":"Jennifer L. Doleac","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3198112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3198112","url":null,"abstract":"Two-thirds of those released from prison in the United States will be re-arrested within three years, creating an incarceration cycle that is detrimental to individuals, families, and communities. There is tremendous public interest in ending this cycle, and public policies can help or hinder the reintegration of those released from jail and prison. This review summarizes the rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of programs that aim to improve the reintegration and rehabilitation of the formerly-incarcerated. While there is a need for much more research on this topic, the existing evidence provides some useful guidance for decision-makers. The importance of evaluating existing and new strategies is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":287606,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125387639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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